REPUBLIC OF KENYA
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF KENYA
AT MOMBASA
Misc Crim Appli 8 of 1998
ALI SAID CHIZONDO & 2 OTHERS.............. ACCUSED/APPLICANTS
AND
REPUBLIC...........................................................................RESPONDENT
(Being a constitutional reference from the original case No.2495/97of the Chief Magistrates' Court at Mombasa dated21st August, 1997)
RULING
On 21st August, 1997, Ali Said Chizondo, Khalifa Khalifa and Al-amin Mohamed Mazrui appeared before Mombasa Chief Magistrate, Mr. Muchelule, to answer a charge of "taking part in an unlawful assembly contrary to section 79 of the Penal Code". They all denied the charge. The 2nd and 3rd accused were released on a bond of Kshs. 100,000/= plus one surety each, but the 1st accused who already was in custody was detained there.
When the case came up for hearing on 14th November, 1997, Dr. Khaminwa, who appeared for the 2nd and 3rd accused, raised the issue that the charge before the court contravened the rights and freedoms of the accused under section 80 of the Constitution of Kenya
guaranteed them the freedom of assembly and association. Dr. Khanimwa supported by Mr. Ngombo for the 1st accused then requested that the question be referred to the High Court under section 84(3).
This is what section 84(3) of the Constitution says:
"If in proceedings in a subordinate court aquestion arises as to the contravention of anyof the provisions of sections 70 to 83 (inclusive),the person presiding in that court may, and shallif any party to the proceedings so requests, referthe question to the High Court unless, in hisopinion, the raising of the question is merelyfrivolous and vexatious."
The Chief Magistrate wrote a short ruling in which he held that since, in his opinion, the issue of fundamental rights and freedoms which counsel had raised was not frivolous or vexatious he was compelled by the language of section 84(3) to refer the question to the High Court for determination.
The two counsel for the accused and Mr. Gacivih, Senior State Counsel for the Republic, appeared before the High Court (Ang'awa, J.) on 3rd March, 1998, and Dr. Khaminwa submitted that the learned Judge had jurisdiction to hear the constitutional question raised because the matter could be heard by a single judge.
In the High Court, Mr. Ngombo sought to file an originating motion under section 84(1) of the Constitution and formally allege how the hearing of the case in the Chief Magistrate's Court would infringe the accused's rights and freedoms under sections 70-83 of the Constitution. The originating motion would also seek to terminate the subordinate court's proceedings, Dr. Khaminwa submitted that section 84(1) and (2) gave the High Court original jurisdiction to hear the reference, and there was no need to involve the Chief Justice or a constitutional court. Mr. Gacivih supported Mr. Ngombo's proposal that there was need to make a written application.
The learned Judge after hearing the parties and lamenting the inability by successive Chief Justices to make rules of practice and procedure under section 84(6) of the Constitution held that this was a constitutional reference under section 67(3) which required a three judge bench. She ordered that the file be placed before the Hon. Chief Justice for directions as, to, inter alia, the composition of the panel of judges to be appointed to hear the matter.
Did the accused have a right to be heard? Yes, they had a right because the Constitution gave it to them.
Section 84(1) provides that -
"(1). Subject to subsection (6), if a person alleges thatany of the provisions of sections 70 to 83 (inclusive) has been, is being or is likely to be contravened inrelation to (or, in the case of a person who is detained,if another person alleges a contravention in relationto the detained person), then, without prejudice toany other action with respect to the same matterwhich is lawfully available, that person (or thatother person) may apply to the High Court for redress.
(2). The High Court shall have original jurisdiction -
(a) to hear and determine an application made by a person in persuance of subsection (1);
(b) to determine any question arising in the case. of a person which is referred to it in pursuance of subsection (3), and may makesuch orders, issue such writs and give suchdirections as it may consider appropriate forthe purpose of enforcing or securing theenforcement of any of the provision's ofsections 70-83 (inclusive)."
The High Court exercises three types of constitutional jurisdiction namely:
(a) original jurisdiction, and
(b) two kinds of referral jurisdiction
The first type of referral jurisdiction is when the court is asked to interpret the Constitution under section 67(1), which reads as follows:
"67(1) Where a question as to the interpretationof this Constitution arises in proceedings in asubordinate court and the court is of the opinionthat the question involves a substantial questionof law, the court may, and shall if a party to theproceedings so requests, refer the question to the High Court."
The second type of referral jurisdiction is that conferred by section 84(3)aforesaid, and relates to enforcement of fundamental rights and freedoms where contravention of those rights and freedoms set out in sections 70 to 83 (inclusive)is alleged in proceedings in a subordinate court.
Both Dr. Khaminwa and Deputy Public Prosecutor, Mr. Bwonwon'ga, (forthe Republic) who appeared before me, jointly submitted that the questionreferred to the High Court by the Chief Magistrate did not involve interpretationof the Constitution. It was an alleged contravention of the applicants'fundamental rights and freedoms. With respect, I agree with that suggestion.
The question is whether the fundamental rights and freedoms of theapplicants conferred under section 80 of the Constitution have been or will becontravened by their being charged and prosecuted for taking part in an unlawfulassembly contrary to section 79 of the Penal Code? Dr. Khaminwa says thatfundamental right will be infringed.
As I have said, Mr. Ngombo sought to agitate his client's right by filing an Originating Motion. Had he not joined Dr. Khaminwa in requesting the subordinate court to refer the question to the High Court he would have beenentitled to invoke his client's constitutional right arid freedom by any one of thefollowing ways, that is -
(a) a plaint,
(b) Order LIII of the Civil Procedure Rules, or
(c) originating motion.The procedure to be adopted would depend on the constitutional relief sought. In the case of OLIVE CASY JUANDOO -V.- THE'! ATTORNEY-GENERAL OFGUYANA (1971) A.C. 972 the landowner owned an area of land in Guyana upon which the Government proposed to construct a new road. She took theview that that action would be in contravention of her fundamental rights underarticle 8(1) of the Constitution of Guyana which prohibited the compulsoryacquisition of property except under the circumstances provided in that article.
By originating notice of motion, naming the Attorney-General as respondent, she applied to the High Court under article 19(1) for redress. The High Courtdismissed the application without consideration of its merits on the ground thatan originating notice of motion was not the proper procedure and that theapplication should have been made by writ of summons. The Court of Appealdismissed the landowner's appeal. On appeal to the Judicial Committee it washeld allowing the appeal, "that the right to apply to the High Court for redressconferred by article 19(1) (this article is, in all material respects, similar tosection 84(1) of the Constitution of Kenya) was expressed to be subject toparagraph (6) of that article and since neither the Parliament nor the rule-makingauthority of the Supreme Court had exercised their power under article 19(6) tomake provision with respect to practice and procedure the method wasqualified and the right wide enough to cover application by any form ofprocedure by which the High Court could be approached to invoke its power, and an originating motion was one of the ways by which that could be done." (words in brackets are mine) The relevant part of article 19(6) which is similar to section 84(6) of the Kenyan Constitution provided that -
"(6) Parliament may make provision with respect. to the practice and procedure - (a) of the High Court in relation to thejurisdiction and powers conferred upon it by or under this article...... "
The Kenyan provision says:
"84(6) The Chief Justice may make rules withrespect to the practice and procedure of theHigh Court in relation to the jurisdiction andpowers conferred on it by or under this section ..."
The position here is as was stated by Warrington, J. in In re MEISTER, LUCIUS AND BRINING LTD [T914] 3l T.L.R. 28,29, viz:
"where the Act" (sic. Constitution) "merelyprovides for an application and does not sayin what form that application is to be made, as a matter of procedure it may be made in any way in which the court can be approached."
A person who alleges that his or her rights guaranteed by any of the provisions of sections 70 to 83 (inclusive) are contravened can apply to the High Court for enforcement of those rights. The court exercises its original jurisdiction in hearing and determining the application. The constitution has not defined the quorum of judges who should hear such an application, and, there is no reason to make anyone suggest that the composition should not be the normal complement of a single judge. Both Dr. Khaminwa and Mr. Bwonwonga were of the view that a single judge would do. The quorum of the High Court whenexercising its "Constitutional Jurisdiction" is a single judge. When exercising itsreferral jurisdiction under section 67 the legally mandated composition of the High is at least three judges. If the High Court is exercising its referral jurisdiction of enforcement of the fundamental rights and freedoms under section 84(3) the quorum is also one judge.
There is now an established practice in the High Court for the ChiefJustice to be asked to constitute a bench of three judges to hear and determineconstitutional questions both of interpretation and of enforcement in exercise ofthe court's original and referral jurisdiction. This practice has led to the development of the three judge bench acquiring the designation of a"Contitutional Court". Whereas it is legally mandatory for a three judge bench todeal with constitutional questions under section 67 there is no such requirementin respect of constitutional questions which arise under section 84(2) and 84(3).However, the development of a three judge bench must have some reasons likethe Chief Justices who empanel the bench of judges taking into account theseriousness of constitutional questions, and the respect for the conventionalwisdom that many heads are better than one. This ruling should, therefore, notbe treated as intended to discontinue the practice of three judge bench except incases involving questions of interpretation of the Constitution. Whether to have a quorum of one or three judges in a constitutioial matter will depend on the gravity of the questions raised by the individual case.
I have already said that anyone who wishes to invoke the court's jurisdiction for protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed under sections 70 to 83 (inclusive) can do so by plaint, Order 53 of the Civil Procedure Rules or originating motion. Elaborate procedures already exist Consequently there was no basis for the learned Judge's complaint for lack of rules of practice and procedure made under section 84(6). Any rules of practice made are unlikely to add much, if anything, to the already existing forms.
I am satisfied that the referral jurisdiction in this case can competently be exercised by a single judge. In the result, I direct that the question referred to the High Court by the Chief Magistrate in the instant case be heard and determined by a single Judge on a date to be fixed by the parties at the Registry at Mombasa High Court.
Dated and delivered at Nairobi this 20th day of May, 1998.
Z.R. CHESONI
CHIEF JUSTICE
