The Environmental Case Law Index is a collection of judgments from 10 African countries on topics relating to environmental law, both substantive and procedural. The collection focuses on cases where an environmental interest interacts with governmental or private interests.
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Sewenei Limited & another v National Environment Management Authority & another; Aaron Rotich Tuikong (Interested Party) [2018] eKLR (Tribunal Appeal No. Net 189 of 2016); (31 July 2018); 
Administrative Action Administrative Law Abuse of Process Conduct of proceedings Civil Procedure Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law EL IndexThis application was brought pursuant to the provisions of Rule 19 of the National Environmental Tribunal Procedure Rules, 2003; to invoke the powers of the tribunal to strike out the respondent’s reply for disobedience of the tribunal’s order. The applicants argued that the 2nd respondent had disobeyed a stop order to stop all activities relating to the construction of 2 residential homes. They contended that this amounted to an abuse of due process of the tribunal.
The respondents argued that the application was defective and bad in law.
The court determined whether the actions of the 2nd respondent were illegal and unlawful. The court found that a stop order was issued and that the 2nd respondent had temporarily complied with the stop order until it decided to proceed with the development. However, the court held that the applicants could not invoke the tribunal’s powers despite the disobedience, mainly because the stop order was not granted upon an application for directions made under part V of the National Environmental Tribunal Procedure Rules.
Further, it became apparent that the advocate appearing for the applicants had deposed to the affidavit in support of the application. The court found that an advocate should not depose to an affidavit in a matter which he is appearing. Further, that he should not depose to an affidavit on information supplied by his client when his client is available to swear on his own. The court thereby struck the affidavit out, and as a result the application could not stand on its own.
Accordingly, the application was dismissed.
Coal of Africa Limited and Another v Akkerland Boerdery (Pty) Ltd (38528/2012) [2014] ZAGPPHC 195; (05 March 2014); EL Index Injunctions and interdicts Civil Remedies Minerals, oil and gas Minerals and energy Environmental law Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental lawThe applicants sought to interdict and restrain the respondent from continuing to refuse access to a parcel of land, based on the respondent refuting an existing and enforceable prospecting right which was held by the applicants.
The court considered whether a prospecting right becomes an enforceable limited real right upon registration in the Mining Titles Office and held, it was universally accepted that mineral rights were real rights. Thus, prospecting rights were limited real rights in respect of the mineral and the land to which such rights related.
The court held that a distinction is drawn between the date the right becomes effective and the date of registration. The right becomes effective from the date of approval and subsequently needs to be registered within 30 days of it becoming effective. Therefore, the prospecting right will become enforceable from the date it is effective. The court found that to interpret the Mineral and Petroleum Development Act to mean that a prospecting right becomes effective but remains unenforceable because it has not been registered, would be impractical.
The court found that the respondent’s refusal was primarily a point of protecting his right as a landowner and to the protecting against being arbitrarily deprived of one’s property. Irrespective of the fact that the applicants renewed their prospecting right, the right remained in force until such time as the renewal had been granted or refused. Thus, the applicants had a valid and existing prospecting right and were entitled to access the land to complete their operations.
Application upheld.
Long Beach Homeowners Association v Great Kei Municipality, Amotole District, Eastern Cape and Others (28064/2014) [2016] ZAGPPHC 610; (26 April 2016); EL Index Administrative Review Administrative Law Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law Judicial Review Appeals and reviews Civil Procedure Environmental authorisation Environmental decision-making Environmental law
The applicant, sought to review and set aside the 5th respondent’s decision on 3 grounds 1) it failed to adhere to the audi alteram partem principle, 2) the decision was unreasonable, and 3) there was a perception of bias.
The applicant was formed to manage the Long Beach development on behalf of individual members, which gave them the powers to make applications for environmental authorizations.
The audi alteram partem principle entitles affected parties to make representations. The applicant contended that it was denied this opportunity when the 5th respondent made its decision.
The court found that there is a distinction between reasons advanced in support of a decision and concerns that may relate to matters which are not properly addressed. Held, that an uncertainty suggests a lack of clarity to enable the decision maker to apply his mind. However, if an uncertainty is created, the decision maker should afford the applicant an opportunity to answer, and settle those concerns. The court found that the fifth respondent’s actions, in not allowing the applicant to respond, denied it of its right curtail uncertainties and failed to adhere to the audi alteram partem principle.
On the basis of the applicant’s additional grounds, it was found that the arguments for unreasonableness and bias were not sustainable.
The court set aside the 5th respondent’s decision and referred the matter back, to allow the applicant to respond to any uncertainties.
B P Southern Africa (Pty) Limited v MEC for Agriculture, Conservation Environment & Land Affairs (03/16337) [2004] ZAGPHC 38; (01 May 2004); EL Index Administrative Action Administrative Law Environmental impact and risk assessment Environmental decision-making Environmental law Role of state in relation to environment Actors in environmental law Environmental law Sustainable development Concepts and principles Environmental law Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental lawThe court considered an application for review to set aside the decision of the respondent regarding authorisation to develop a filling station on property situated within a commercial area.
The court considered whether the department had acted unfairly by failing to call for further information from the applicant, and subsequently denying the applicant authorisation to develop the filling station. Found, the department was not obliged to request the applicant to amend their report, and as such the applicant was entitled to renew their report at any stage, and thus did not act unfairly.
In order to determine whether the respondent had acted unlawfully and irregularly, environmental legislation and the Constitution, which contain socio-economic considerations, had to be considered.
The court considered whether the department’s policy of protecting the environment met with the guidelines applicable to developing filling stations was reasonable, and reasonably applied. Policy is applicable where (i) it will not preclude the exercise of discretion; (ii) it is compatible with the enabling legislation; and (iii) it is disclosed to the affected person before a decision is reached. The court found that the department met all of the requirements and was lawfully entitled, and duty bound to consider the guidelines.
The court considered whether the respondent’s argument regarding the distance was reasonable. The court found that the department had consulted with stakeholders who agreed with the distance and reduced the distance in the industry’s favour. Accordingly, the court held that the department acted bona fide and reasonably.
Application dismissed.
Alphonsus Nkuma v Joseph Otunuya Odili (SC. 244/2001)[2006] NGSC 129 (10 March 2006) (SC. 244/2001) [1960] NGSC 1 (09 March 2006); Injunction Injuctions and interdicts Civil Remedies Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law Minerals, oil and gas Minerals and energy Environmental law Supervisory Jurisdiction Jurisdiction Civil Procedure EL IndexThe court considered a final appeal against a decision by the Court of Appeal to dismiss the plaintiff’s first appeal against the judgement of the Trial Court.
The origin of this matter was a writ of summons issued to the respondent for payment of money that was deposited as compensation by a third party for their mining operations. The respondent then filed a cross-action seeking a declaration that he was entitled to the compensation and an injunction restraining the appellant’s from claiming the money.
The suits were consolidated and the trial judge gave judgement in favor of the respondent after having found that land used for the third party’s mining operations belonged to him, not the appellant. The appellant then filed an appeal which was dismissed by the Court of Appeal. Still dissatisfied, the appellant filed this final appeal calling upon the Supreme Court to review the lower court’s decision and to finally determine the matter.
The court found that the lower court adequately considered all the relevant issues. It further found that the High Court of Imo State had requisite jurisdiction to hear the case. The court noted that the appellant stretched the meaning of s 7(1)(p) of Decree No. 60 of 199, beyond reasonable limit by purporting that it ousted the High Court’s jurisdiction in matters of compensating land owners.
The court concluded that the appeal was without merit and deserving of punitive costs. The appeal was dismissed.
Magaliesberg Protection Association v MEC, Department of Agriculture, Conservation, Environment and Rural Development, North- West Provincial Government and Others Role of state in relation to environment Actors in environmental law Environmental law Environmental impact and risk assessment Environmental decision-making Environmental law Protected areas (general) Environmental decision-making Environmental law Public participation Human and environmental rights Environmental law Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law EL IndexThis was an application for review of the respondent’s decision to authorise the construction of a lodge in a protected area. The lodge was built prior to obtaining the necessary environmental authorisation but this was obtained ex post facto. The applicant had at the time of filing this application alos filed an application for an interdict to stop the construction of the lodge, which application was dismissed.
The main legal issue to be resolved was whether under the National Environmental Management Act No 107 of 1998 (NEMA) a permit to build a house in the Protected Environment (MPE) could be issued ex post facto as was given to the third respondent by the first and second respondents.
The court held that section 24 G of NEMA provided for the rectification of the unlawful commencement of the activity by applying to the Minister or MEC for an ex post facto environmental authorisation. In conclusion, the court held that since the application was done and approved ex post facto the respondents had acted within the confines of the law and therefore the application lacked merit. The court observed further that the was aware, or ought to have been aware that when it was unsuccessful in the urgent application to have the development of the Lodge suspended, the consequences were that the respondent would continue with the construction and finalisation of its building project and the review would be rendered academic. Accordingly, the application was dismissed.
Elemchukwu Ibator & Ors v. Chief Beli Barakuro & Ors (S.C. 243/2001) [2007] NGSC 124 (13 April 2007); (S.C. 243/2001) [1960] NGSC 1 (12 April 2007); Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law Minerals, oil and gas Minerals and energy Environmental law Supervisory Jurisdiction Jurisdiction Civil Procedure EL IndexThe matter dealt with an appeal against the decision of the Court of Appeal that upheld a decision of the High Court to order that compensation be paid to the respondents for damage caused to economic crops, fish ponds and lakes by the activities of an oil company. The appellants contended that the respondents, despite being occupiers of the land, were customary tenants and that they (appellants) were exclusively entitled to compensation as the owners of the land. The Court of Appeal in upholding the decision of the High Court held that the matter was not predicated on title to land but rather one for entitlement to compensation and granted judgment in favour of the respondents.
The Supreme Court considered whether the lower court was wrong to have heldáthat title to the land, the subject of claim for compensation by the parties, was not in issue. The court held that the issue of claim of title was certainly not before the trialácourt and the learned trial judge was right in not consideringáand determining that issue in his judgment. Accordingly, it held that the court below was right in upholding the trial court's decision that the identity of the land in question was not an issue and claim was solely one for compensation and not title. Accordingly the court dismissed the appeal.
Maccsand (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town and Others (CCT103/11) EL Index Injunctions and interdicts Civil Remedies Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law Minerals, oil and gas Minerals and energy Environmental lawThe matter dealt with an appeal against the decision of the Supreme Court to uphold an interdict against the applicant to stop the applicant from mining until the respective land in contention was re-zoned to permit mining in terms of provincial legislation. The minister had earlier granted mining permits to the appellant to mine areas zoned as public open spaces in terms of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act. The appellant contended the act was superior to the provincial legislation and Supreme Court had erred in upholding the High Court interdict against it. The appellant had claimed that mining fell under the exclusive competence of national government and that the proposition that provincial legislation regulating municipal planning applied to it would be tantamount to allowing municipal government to intrude into the terrain of the national sphere.
The Constitutional Court in determining whether to grant leave considered whether the provincial legislation that required rezoning did not apply to land used for mining.
The court, in rejecting the applicant’s argument, held that the provincial law and the national law served different purposes which fall within the competences of the local and the national sphere. Each sphere was exercising power allocated to it by the Constitution and regulated by the relevant legislation.
The court concluded that the interdicts were invalidly issued and held further that in order to bring clarity to the application of competing laws, leave to appeal ought to be granted in order to deal with the constitutional issues raised.
Dwangwa Cane Growers Trust v Chisangwala Henry (2127) ([node:field-casenumber]) [2007] MWHC 132 (02 December 2007); EL Index Public interest in environment Environmental decision-making Environmental law Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law Declaratory Relief Civil RemediesKamuzu (Administrator of Deceased Estate) v Attorney General (Civil Cause No. 1839 (A) of 1997) (of) [2004] MWHC 3 (10 January 2004); EL Index Declaratory Relief Civil Remedies Injunction Injuctions and interdicts Civil Remedies Locus standi in environmental litigation Litigation of environmental issues Environmental law Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law African customary law and rights of indigenous peoples Human and environmental rights Environmental lawBwanali v Lilongwe City Assembly and Others (66 of 2007) (66 of 2007) [2004] MWHC 88 (23 August 2004); EL Index Injunction Injuctions and interdicts Civil Remedies Temporary Injunction Injuctions and interdicts Civil Remedies Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law Sustainable development Concepts and principles Environmental law1. DISTRICT OFFICER 2. ADIE OKO FOR KUTIA PEOPLE v. THE QUEEN (FSC/23/1960) [1961] 10 (23 February 1961); Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law Judicial Review Appeals and reviews Civil Procedure EL IndexThe matter dealt with an appeal against a decision discharging an order nisi for an order of certiorari arising out of boundary disputes.
The court considered whether the District Officer exceeded his powers, or the jurisdiction conferred upon him under s28 of the Native Courts Ordinance. It held that the powers conferred upon a District Officer under s28(1)(a) of the Native Courts Ordinance are supervisory and found that by joining other parties to the Native Court case before him, it cannot be said that the District Officer was reviewing the case which he had set out to review. Therefore, he exceeded his jurisdiction.
The court considered whether an order for certiorari was the appropriate remedy in this case. It noted that certiorari is discretionary and is granted to quash proceedings, where it is shown that the court below has acted without jurisdiction or in excess of jurisdiction. It emphasized that it was important for the court to act to prevent injustices when doing so is within its powers. Accordingly, the High Court quashed the lower court’s judgement and the appeal succeeded.
Kabaghe and Others v Registered Trustees of the Seventh Day Adventist Church and Another (44 of 2013) [2016] MWHC 460 (08 February 2016); Declaratory Relief Civil Remedies Injunction Injuctions and interdicts Civil Remedies Indigenous knowledge and intellectual property Actors in environmental law Environmental law African customary law and rights of indigenous peoples Human and environmental rights Environmental law Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law EL Index
Ernest v Farmers World Limited (608 of 2011) [2016] MWHC 554 (13 June 2016); Attribution of Costs Costs Civil Remedies Liability of Company Directors Company directors Company Law Plants, forests and forestry (flora) Flora and fauna Environmental law Right to protest and civil disobedience Human and environmental rights Environmental law Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law EL IndexThis was an action for damages for assault and battery that led to the removal of one of the plaintiff’s eye; following a beating by the defendant’s guards when the plaintiff was caught stealing on the defendant’s property. The plaintiff also prayed for costs of the action.
It was common cause that the plaintiff was cutting down trees for firewood without permission at the defendant’s estate; and that the plaintiff ran away from the defendant’s agents. The plaintiff averred that one of the defendant’s agents appeared in front of him and threw his baton stick at him, hitting and injuring his eye. The defendant denied the plaintiff’s version of facts and averred that the plaintiff stumbled and fell onto his shovel, thereby injuring himself.
The court, therefore, had to determine whether the plaintiff was entitled to the damages sought.
The court held that in a civil case like this one, the burden was on the plaintiff to prove his case on balance of probabilities. The plaintiff argued that he satisfied this requirement, as the defendant’s witnesses contradicted themselves. The court, however, noted that all of the defendant’s witnesses concurred that they were not carrying baton sticks on the material day and that the plaintiff did not challenge this.
Consequently, the court found that the plaintiff failed to establish that the injuries he sustained were caused by the defendant’s agents. The plaintiff’s action, therefore, failed.
LAWRENCE OKAFOR v. FELIX NNAIFE (SC.89/1987) [1987] 10 (16 October 1987); Declaratory Relief Civil Remedies Injunction Injuctions and interdicts Civil Remedies African customary law and rights of indigenous peoples Human and environmental rights Environmental law Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law EL IndexThis was an appeal against the decision of the High Court to dismiss an application by the appellant for a stay of execution of the judgment given by the trial court.
The trial judge gave judgment in favour of the respondent having found that the appellant was unable to prove ownership of the land. The trial judge declared that the appellants were customary tenants of the respondent and lacked authority to put tenants on the respondent’s property; the judge also ordered for payment of damages and issued an injunction. Thereafter, the appellant filed an appeal against this judgment and a motion in the High Court seeking a stay of execution of the judgment pending the time the determination of the appeal. This appeal and the appeal to the Court of appeal on the same issue was dismissed.
The court noted that a stay of execution was a discretionary order that should be exercised judicially, by taking into account the competing rights of the parties to justice. The court held that a stay application required proof of exceptional circumstances. It observed that a stay would only be granted if its refusal would deprive the appellant of the means of prosecuting the appeal. In dismissing the appeal, the court relied on the finding of the trial court that the land did not belong to the appellants and the fact that the appellant failed to prove exceptional circumstances. Accordingly, the appeal was dimissed.
ATTORNEY-GENERAL OF CROSS RIVER STATE v. ATTORNEY-GENERAL OF THE FEDERATION AND ANOTHER (SC 124/1999) [2005] 17 (24 June 2005); EL Index Judicial Review Appeals and reviews Civil Procedure Declaratory Relief Civil Remedies Injunction Injuctions and interdicts Civil Remedies Minerals, oil and gas Minerals and energy Environmental law Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental lawIN THE SUPREME COURT OF NIGERIA
ON FRIDAY, THE 24TH DAY OF JUNE 2005
SC 124/1999
BETWEEN
ATTORNEY-GENERAL OF CROSS RIVER STATE .................................. PLAINTIFF
AND
ATTORNEY-GENERAL OF THE FEDERATION AND ANOTHER ........................ DEFENDANTS
BEFORE: Muhammadu Lawal Uwais, CJN; Aloysius Iyorgyer Katsina-Alu; Dahiru Musdapher; Dennis Onyejife Edozie; Ignatius Chukwudi Pats-Acholonu; George Adesola Oguntade; Sunday Akinola Akintan, JJSC
ISSUES
Extent of boundary between two neighbouring states viz, the northern land boundary between Itu Local Government Area Council in Akwa-Ibom State and Odukpani Local Government Area Council in Cross River State; and the southern estuarine boundary between Calabar municipality, Akpabuyo and until recently Bakassi Local Government in Cross River State and Oron, Udung-Uko and Mbo in Akwa-Ibom State.
Whether the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in respect of boundary delimitation is exercisable subject to the prior determination of the boundary dispute by the National Boundary Commission?
FACTS
The plaintiff's claims in this matter were mainly against the second defendant, Akwa-Ibom State. The claims were inter alia, for declarations that the boundary between Cross-River State and Akwa-Ibom State is as shown in the boundary delimitation by Nigeria Boundary Commission and an order for refund to the plaintiff of a sum of money which the plaintiff claimed to be its entitlement but which was wrongly paid to the second defendant. The second leg of the claim related to boundary disputes between the plaintiff and the second defendant. The plaintiff sought inter alia, an order for the return of certain villages, communities and settlements which were currently being administered by the second defendant.
The plaintiff was essentially challenging the boundary delimitation published by the National Boundary Commission in 2002. In its monetary claim, the plaintiff contended that its entitlement to revenue accruing to the Federation Account from mineral oil exploration activities within its boundaries had been reviewed downwards as a result of the incorrect boundary delimitation.
HELD
1. On jurisdiction in respect of boundary delimitation disputes
The National Boundary Commission etc. Act Cap. 238 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990 does not clothe the National Boundary Commission with exclusive jurisdiction over boundary disputes and, therefore, the plaintiff was not obliged to await a determination by the Commission before approaching the Supreme Court for a determination of its boundary. Per Edozie, JSC at 147.
2. On the nature of a boundary
A boundary is an imaginary line which marks the confines or line of division of two contiguous parcels of land. The term is also used to denote the physical objects by reference to which the line of division is described as well as the line of division itself. In this sense boundaries may be classified as natural and artificial according as to whether or not such physical objects are man-made. Thus, while a boundary can be proved by delimitation by a body statutorily vested with authority to do so, like the National Boundary Commission, it is by no means exhaustive of the method of proving same. Per Edozie, JSC at 147.
3. On the determination of the boundaries between the respective States
The court found that the non-estuarine boundary between the two States was as depicted in the plaintiff's plan. The court's finding was influenced by its view that it was in the interest of both parties that the status quo as at 1987 when the two states were created be maintained.
However, the court declined to make a finding regarding the estuarine boundary, until negotiations between Nigeria and Cameroon regarding the two countries' international boundary had been finalised. Per Edozie, JSC at 147.
4. On the downward adjustment of revenue
The plaintiff had not adduced sufficient evidence to prove its entitlement to the amount claimed in consequence of the downward adjustment of its revenue allocation from the Federation Account. However, the court awarded a lesser amount than that claimed, as it was accepted that the plaintiff was entitled to that amount. Per Edozie, JSC at 147.
The following cases were referred to in the judgment:
Nigeria
A-G, Bendel State v A-G, Federation & others (1983) NSCC Vol. 14, 181
A-G, Federation v A-G, Abia State & others (2001) 11 NWLR (Part 725) 689
A-G, Federation v A-G, Abia State & others (2002) 6 NWLR (Part 764) 542
Ekpenyong & others v Nyong & others (1975) 2 SC 78
Felix Okoli Ezeonwu v Charles Onyechi & 2 others (1996) 3 NWLR (Part 438) 439
Ogundairo & others v Okanlawon (1963) 1 All NLR 358
Yalaju-Amaye v Association of Reg. Eng. Const. Ltd (1990) 21 NSLE (Part 2) 462
Foreign
Iowa v Illinois 147 US.1, 13 SCC 238, 37 L ED 55 (1893)
New Jersey v Delaware 291 US 361. 54 Sct 407, 78 L Ed.847 (1934)
The following statutes were referred to in the judgment:
Nigeria
Allocation of Revenue (Abolition of Dichotomy in the Application of the Principle of Derivation) Act 2004
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1979: S 149(1)
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999: Ss 162(1); 232(1)
Constitution of the Republic of Nigeria 1963
Cross River State Law No 9 of 1983: S 4(1)(d)
National Boundary Commission etc. Act, Cap. 238 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990: S 3
States (Creation and Transitional Provisions) Act 12 of 1976
The following laws were referred to in the judgment:
Law No 12 of 1976: S 4
Law No 24 of 1987
The following books were referred to in the judgment:
Halsbury's Laws of England (4ed) at 390 et seq.
International Law Vol. I, Oppenheim's page 53 to para 1991
Edozie, JSC (Delivered the Leading Judgment):- Pursuant to the original jurisdiction conferred on the Supreme Court by Section 232(1) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, the plaintiff, the Cross River State (CRS for short) represented by its Attorney-General, by a writ of summons instituted this action in this Court against the defendants, the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) and the Akwa-Ibom State (AKS) respectively represented by their Attorneys-General. Pleadings were settled, duly filed, exchanged and subsequently amended. In the plaintiff's final pleadings that is, the fourth amended Statement of Claim, in paragraph 40 thereof, the reliefs sought against the defendants are formulated thus:-
"40 (1) The plaintiff's claim against the defendants is for:-
A declaration that the boundary between Cross River State (CRS) and Akwa-Ibom State (AKS) is as shown in the boundary delimitation by NBC dated 30 March 2004 and revised on 5 July 2004.
(2) Plaintiff's claim against the first defendant is for:
(a) an order of account of revenue that has accrued to the Federation Account from mineral oils derived from Cross River State on the basis of the derivation principle from 23 September 1987 to 28 May (sic) which Cross River State should have received but for the neglect, omission or wilful default of the Federal Government of Nigeria;
(b) an order for payment to Cross River State of any sums due from the Federation Account to Cross River State upon taking such account;
(c) an order of account of revenue due to the Cross River State from the revenue that has accrued to the Federation Account from mineral resources more particularly mineral oil derived from Cross River State from 29 May 1999 to date of judgment, being revenue which Cross River State should have received but for the neglect, omission or wilful default of the Federal Government of Nigeria;
(d) an order for payment forthwith of the admitted sum of N3,329,433,537.42 (sic) (three billion two hundred and thirty two million, four hundred and thirty-three thousand, five hundred and thirty-seven naira, forty-nine kobo) being areas of revenue due to CRS under the provisions of Section 162(2) of 1999 Constitution from May 29 to July 2002 and any additional sum due and thereafter until full payment thereof.
(3) The plaintiff's claim against the second defendant is for:-
(a) A declaration that (the) state (authority) to exercise administrative, executive, legislative and judicial powers or functions in or over:-
(i) all cities, towns and villages in Odukpani Local Government and more particularly in Obot Akapabio (sic), Ikot-Offiong Ebiti, Asang, Okpo, Afia Isong Plantation, Ikot Efa Bench, Etehentem, Idim Nkem, Nkpan Uruk, Ikot Essien Ekpe Inyang, Esuk Ediong, Mbiabo Ikot Edem, Mbiabo, Mbiabo Abasi Efiari, Mbiabo Ikoneto, Ikot Nya, Odu Mma-Edem, Ikot Akpana, Okoho, Akwa Efe, Akpa tre Efe, Odot Forest Reserve and Okpokong Bridge;
(ii) all cities, towns and villages in Calabar South Local Government Area (particularly Alligator Island, James Island and other unnamed Islands) and Akpabuyo Local Government Area; and
(iii) all cities, towns and villages in Bakassi Local Government Area, (particularly Bakassi Peninsular and its surrounding Islands) are vested in the Government of Cross River State (to the exclusion of the Government of Akwa-Ibom State); and
(b) an order of perpetual injunction restraining all arms of government, officer, employees, appointees, agents and servants of the Government of Akwa-Ibom State, or any persons or authority established by law in force in Akwa-Ibom State from exercising administrative, executive, legislative and judicial powers in or over any part of Cross River State and more particularly the areas set on in paragraph 40(3) (a) above."
In response to the plaintiff's fourth amended Statement of Claim (Statement of Claim for short) each of the two defendants filed a separate Statement of Defence with the second defendant sub-joining a counter-claim to his Statement of Defence wherein by paragraph 26 thereof, he counter-claimed thus:-
"26 (a) A declaration that the defendant is entitled to the revenue accruing onshore from the total production of Addax oil wells/fields of Abanga, Akam, Ebughu, Bogi, Ebughune, Ukpan, Mimbo, amounting to 4,532,608 barrels between June 1999 and June 2002; and the Monipulo oil wells/fields of Abana East and Abana West amounting to 25,198,556 barrels for the same period which by the clear and unambiguous admission of the Revenue Mobilisation and Fiscal Commission had never been accredited to the defendant.
(b) An order directing the first defendant to compute and pay to the second defendant its (sic) share of accrued revenue from Addax and Monipulo oil fields for the period June 1999 to June 2002 amounting to 29,731.164 barrels of crude petroleum.
(c) An order directing the second (error for first) defendant's agent RMAFC, to report on the production figures for Davy Bank, Obio, Efiat 1, Efiat 2, Okposo East, Tom Shot Bank 1, Tom Shot Bank 2, and Cross River which have never been assessed nor paid to the defendant for the purpose of computing the revenue due and payable to the state.
(d) A declaration that it was ultra vires the powers of the Governor of the old Cross River State to purport to alter the boundaries of the Local Governments in the state under the 1979 Constitution.
(e) A declaration that Obot Akpabio, Ikot Offiong Ebiti, Asang, Okpo, Afia Isong Plantation, Ikot Efa Beach, Etchentem, Idim Nkem, Nkpan Uruk, Ikot Essien, Ekpe Inyang, Esuk Ediong, Mbiabo Ikot Edem, Mbiabo, Mbiabo Abasi Efiari, Mbiabo Ikonet, Ikot Nya, Odu Mma-Edem, Ikot Akpana, Okoho, Akwa Efe, Akpatre Efe, Odot Forest Reserve and Okpokong Bridge have always been and remain part of Akwa-Ibom State."
In support of their pleadings, both the plaintiff and the second defendant tendered copious affidavit evidence and several documents which they relied upon to establish their respective cases. The plaintiff tendered the following affidavit evidence and exhibits:-
1. Affidavit of Ralph Idiku Uche, Surveyor-General CRS sworn on 24 June 2003 with Exhibits, 'CRSSG 2', 'CRSSG 3', 'CRSSG 4'.
2. Affidavit of Obu Kanu Uma, Deputy Surveyor-General CRS sworn on 24 June 2003 with Exhibits 'CRSDG 1', 'CRSDG 2', 'CRSDSG 3', 'CRSDSG 4', 'CRSDSG 5' and 'CRSG 1'.
3. Affidavit of Eyamba Henshaw, Accountant-General CRS sworn on 24 June 2003 with Exhibits 'CRSAG 1', 'CRSAG 2' and 'CRSAG 3'.
4. Affidavit of Mrs Rose Bassey, Accountant-General CRS sworn on 6 October 2004.
5. Additional Affidavit of Raphael Idiku Uche, Surveyor-General CRS sworn on 8 March 2005 with Exhibits 'CRSG 3', 'CRSG 4', 'CRSG 5', 'CRSG 6' and 'CRSG 7'.
6. Additional Affidavit of Mrs Rose Bassey, Accountant-General CRS sworn on 8 March 2005.
For the second defendant, the following affidavit evidence and exhibits were relied upon:-
1. Affidavit of Bassey Etim Akpan, Catographer AKS sworn on 23 October 2003 with Exhibits 'AK 1', 'AK 2', 'AK 3', 'AK4', 'AK 5', 'AK 6', 'AK 7', 'AK 8'.
2. Affidavit of Donatus Archibong Solicitor-General/Permanent Secretary AKS sworn on 29 March 2005.
Although there are two defendants in this case, the principal parties are the plaintiff and the second defendant. The bone of contention between them is the common boundary of their two states particularly:-
(a) their northern or non-estuarine boundary between Itu LGA in Akwa-Ibom State and Odukpani LGA in Cross River State and
(b) their Southern or estuarine boundary between Calabar municipality, Akpabuyo LGA and until recently Bakassi, LGA all in Cross River State and Oron, Udung and Mbo in Akwa-Ibom State.
While the plaintiff maintains that the Cross River which takes its source from Cameroon mountains, and flowing southwards empties itself into the Atlantic Ocean forms a natural boundary between the two riparian states, the second defendant contends that at some points the Cross River cuts across Akwa-Ibom State.
From the plaintiff's pleadings and the affidavit evidence of Mr R.I. Uche, Surveyor-General and Mr O.K. Umar, Deputy Surveyor-General both sworn on 24 June 2003, the plaintiff's case may be summarised thus:-
In 1967, the South Eastern State was created out of the Eastern Region of Nigeria and it comprised 14 divisions. The boundaries of the 14 divisions remained the same as depicted in the administrative map of South Eastern State (Exhibit 'CRSSG 2') which was changed to Cross River State in 1976 and comprised the area as set out in the Schedule to the Sates (Creation and Transitional Provisions) Act No 12 of 1976. As at October 1 1979 and up till 22 September 1987, Cross River State comprised the following 17 Local Government Areas: Calabar municipality, Abak, Ukanafun, Akamkpa, Odukpani, Eket, Etinan, Ikom, Ikot Abasi, Ikot-Ekpanem, Itu, Ikono, Obubra, Ogoja, Obudu, Oron and Uyo, with the boundaries of the constituent LGAs as reflected in the Administrative map of Cross River Exhibit 'CRSSG3'. On 23 September 1987, Akwa-Ibom State was created out of the then or old "Cross River State" and comprised 10 of the 17 of the aforesaid LGAs namely: Ikot-Ekpene, Abak, Eket, Ukanafun, Ikot-Abasi, Uyo, Etinam, Ikono, Oron and Itu. Before the creation of additional LGAs in the two states, the LGAs of the present Cross River Sate bounding Akwa-Ibom State were Calabar Municipality from which Calabar South LGA was created and Odukpani LGA out of which Odukpani, Akpabuyo and Bakassi LGAs were carved out.
It is the plaintiff's case that on 11 March 2002, the National Boundary Commission (NBC) announced and published a boundary delimitation showing distances and bearings of the boundary line between the two states. This delimitation as reflected in Exhibit 'CRSSG 4' tallies with the non-estuarine boundaries of the two states as described in Exhibit 'CRSSG 3' and this shows that the disputed communities mentioned in paragraph 40(3)(a)(i) of the Statement of Claim lie within Odukpani LGA of Cross River State.
With respect to the estuarine boundary, it is the plaintiff's case that the NBC's delimitation of 11 March 2002 Exhibit 'CRSSG 4' is not correct because the NBC based the delimitation on the median principle, that is, by taking the median of the Cross River. It is the plaintiff's case that the estuarine boundary between two states bounded by a river accessible to container and other ocean vessels (that is, a navigable river) is determined by taking the middle line of the deepest part of the navigable channel of such river (otherwise referred to as the navigable channel line or the thalweg). Adopting this principle and using the report of the Nigerian Navy which sets out the co-ordinates, width and average depths of the navigable part of the Cross-River, the boundary of the two states in the estuarine sector is as depicted in Exhibit 'CRSDSG 3'. It is further the contention of the plaintiff that as a matter of settled practice, the extent of the width of the sea abutting Cross River State and Akwa-Ibom State is determined by taking a perpendicular line from the meeting point of the "thalweg line" and "base line" up to the point permitted by law to the open sea as reflected in Exhibit 'CRSDSG 3' as a result of which the oil block OPL 98 containing the oil fields known as Adanga, Mimbo, Anta, Bogi and Ebughu now lie within Cross River State.
In the additional affidavit evidence of Mr R.I. Uche, Surveyor-General, CRS, sworn to, on 8 March 2005, it was averred thus:-
That following the enactment in 2004 of the Allocation of Revenue (Abolition of Dichotomy in the Application of the Principle of Derivation) Act 2004, the NBC produced the Well Dichotomy Study Map (Map B6) Exhibit 'CRSG 1' which map depicted the maritime boundaries between the littoral states including the plaintiff and the second defendant as well as the location of oil wells within each state's maritime boundary up to the 200 metre isobaths; that sometime in 2002, following the judgment of the International Court of Justice in the case between Nigeria and Cameroon which gave sovereignty of Bakassi over Cameroon, the Presidents of Nigeria and Cameroon set up a mixed commission resulting in an agreement between Nigeria and Cameroon over the Bakassi peninsular; that on 14 January 2005 the President of Nigeria approved the review of the maritime boundary between the plaintiff and the second defendant which review is in substantial conformity with Exhibit 'CRSG 1' and as a result of this, new indices were to be used in calculating the oil revenue accruing to the plaintiff. In consequence of the revised boundary aforesaid, the second defendant commenced proceedings in the Federal High Court, Abuja in Suit No FHC/ABJ/CS/64/2005 but the suit was subsequently- withdrawn and struck out.
In respect of the plaintiff's monetary claim for N3,232,433,537.49k it is the plaintiff's case that the amount was admitted by the RMAFC as being the state's entitlement of Revenue accruing to the Federation Account from mineral oil exploration activities within its boundary for the period May 1999 to July 2002, but that subsequently the RMAFC stated that the said amount had been reviewed downward to N2,455,888,820.14k.
The case of the first defendant as pleaded in its Statement of Defence may be summarised thus:-
1. That the internal boundaries of Nigeria as set out in the (10ed) of the Administrative Map of Nigeria is at best approximate as the internal boundaries of Nigeria are being surveyed and demarcated by the NBC and
2. That the case of the plaintiff which is substantially a boundary dispute is presently being handled by the NBC and that since the internal boundaries of Nigeria are only just being surveyed/demarcated and the NBC is making "frantic effort" to resolve the boundary dispute between CRS and AKS, the plaintiff's action is pre-emptive of the outcome of the demarcation and survey of the boundary by the NBC and thus premature and speculative.
The case of the second defendant as set out in the affidavit of Mr Etim Akpan a Cartographer in the Ministry of Lands and Housing Akwa-Ibom State runs thus:-
The origin of the dispute of Akwa-Ibom and Cross River States over their boundary dates back to 1983 when the Governor of the Old Cross River State, purported to vary the boundaries of Itu and Odukpani Local Government areas of the then Cross River State by an Executive Order which act transferred some of the communities of Itu LGA to Odukpani LGA. At the creation of Akwa- Ibom State in 1987, the members of these communities refused to be bound by the Order until March 11 2002 when the NBC by fiat purported to acquiesce to the illegality by delimiting the boundary on the North-eastern end of Akwa-Ibom to exclude the disputed communities and their lands.
Since the creation of the two states in 1987, the boundaries of the two states, at the time the old Cross River State was split, have remained the boundaries of the South Eastern State renamed Cross River State in 1976. The boundaries of the Eastern Region as set out in Legal Notice 126 of 1954 was used in determining the boundaries of south Eastern Sate or Old Cross River State and from there both CRS and AKS. At the creation of Akwa-Ibom and the present Cross River States all communities existing in each of the Local Government Areas were deemed to continue to so exist, remain and form part of the states as presently constituted.
The only alteration to the boundary of the two states is at the estuary, which, as a result of the recent judgment of the International Court of Justice, Bakassi now belongs to the Republic of Cameroon. The ICJ established the coordinates which mark the new boundary between Nigeria and Cameroon as indicated in the British Admiralty Chart No 3433b - Exhibit 'AK1' and based on this, a chart showing the delineated boundaries and oil well locations are depicted in Exhibit 'AK 2'.
It is the second defendant's case that the Administrative Map referred to by the plaintiff as Exhibit 'CRSSG 2' was contrived and does not represent the official maps of the two states at the relevant time. The map, Exhibit 'AK3' produced by the second defendant's cartographer is a true reflection of the boundaries of the two states.
The NBC, on 11 March 2002, published a provisional boundary delimitation showing the co-ordinates of the boundary of the two states but the second defendant was totally dissatisfied with the exercise at the Northern end.
On 30 March 2004, the NBC also published the Well Dichotomy Study Map (Map B6) referred to by the plaintiff as Exhibit 'CRSG 1'. It is merely a working document used to study the probable effect of the ICJ's judgment on the location of oil wells in CRS and AKS and was never intended to delimit the maritime boundary of the two states.
The second defendant is aware that consequent upon the ICJ's judgment, negotiations had been going on between Nigeria and Cameroon but is not aware that the President has taken any decision in respect of the maritime boundary between CRS and AKS. In any case, the matter being sub judice any action taken in derogation of the authority of the court would amount to contempt.
Finally, the second defendant contends that the oil wells/fields at the estuary of the Cross River are located in AKS but are wrongly credited to CRS. These are Adax oil wells/fields of Adanga, Akan, Ebughu, Bogi, Ebughu ne, Ukpan, Mimbo and the Monipolo oil wells/fields of Abana-East and Abana West. Also located in AKS are the oil wells of Davy Bank, Obio, Efiati, Efiat 2, Okposo East, Tom Shot Bank 1, Tom Shot Bank 2 and Cross River.
In the advancement of their respective cases, the learned leading Counsel for the plaintiff, Mrs Nelly Andem-Ewa and Chief Assam E.A. Assam, learned Counsel for the second defendant, submitted written addresses and in addition proffered oral addresses in amplification of their written submissions. Learned Counsel for the first defendant did not file his written address timeously and on account of that, he did not present oral argument.
In the plaintiff's written address or brief, the following three issues are identified for determination:-
"(1) Whether by reason of the 'frantic effort' of the National Boundary Commission to resolve the boundary dispute between CRS and AKS and to demarcate and survey internal boundaries of Nigeria, the claim of the plaintiff is premature, speculative or otherwise incompetent?
(2) Whether the boundaries of CRS (and more particularly the boundary between CRS and AKS) are as set out in Exhibit 'CRSDSG 2', and if so whether it is competent of any state government, other than the government of Cross River State, to exercise executive, administrative or judicial power in or over the areas comprising CRS and more particularly in or over the cities, towns and villages set out in paragraph 42.3(a)(i), (ii) and (iii) of the plaintiff's third amended Statement of Claim.
(3) Whether CRS is entitled to the orders of account sought in this suit, and/or to judgment for the admitted sum of N3,232,433,537.49."
Issue 1 relates to the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court as spelt out in Section 232(1) of the 1999 Constitution and the function of the National Boundary Commission established by the National Boundary Commission etc. Act, Cap. 238 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990 to, among other things, determine and intervene in boundary disputes. The issue raised is whether the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in respect of boundary delimitation is exercisable subject to the prior determination of the boundary dispute by the National Boundary Commission. The contention of learned Counsel for the plaintiff on this issue is that there is nothing in the NBC Act which vests it with exclusive jurisdiction over boundary disputes and, therefore, the plaintiff is not obligated or otherwise bound to await a determination by the NBC before approaching this Court for a determination of its boundary with Akwa-Ibom State. Reference was made to the case of Attorney-General of the Federation v Attorney-General of Abia State & others (2001) 11 NWLR (Part 725) 689 at page 732 where it was held that in exercising its original jurisdiction, the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court can be the same or concurrent with that of the NBC. It was further argued that since the plaintiff's claim discloses a dispute between states, it falls within the ambit of the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and therefore not incompetent or premature.
Learned Counsel for the second defendant has not advanced a contrary view to the contention of the plaintiff's Counsel which I consider unassailable. Section 232(1) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 provides:-
"The Supreme Court shall, to the exclusion of any other court, have original jurisdiction in any dispute between the Federation and a state or between states if and in so far as that dispute involves any question (whether of law or fact) on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends."
Under Section 3 of the NBC Act Cap. 239, Laws of the Federation 1990, the functions of the NBC are stated to be:-
"(a) To deal with, determine and intervene in any boundary disputes that may arise between Nigeria and any of her neighbours or between any two states of the Federation with a view to settling such disputes;
(b) To entertain any recommendations from the Technical Committee and to advise the Federal Government on such recommendations."
As can be seen from the above two provisions, it cannot be seriously suggested that before the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is invoked in a boundary dispute between states, the NBC should have determined the dispute or completed its exercise in delineating the disputed boundary. No doubt, the completion of such exercise would be of tremendous assistance to the court. A boundary is an imaginary line which marks the confines or line of division of two contiguous parcels of land. The term is also used to denote the physical objects by reference to which the line of division is described as well as the line of division itself. In this sense boundaries may be classified as natural and artificial according as to whether or not such physical objects are man-made. Boundaries are fixed either:
(1) by proved acts of the respective owners as for example by agreement, assurance, undisturbed possession and estoppel;
(2) by statutes, or orders of the authorities having jurisdiction; and
(3) by legal presumption.
See Halsbury's Laws of England (4ed) page 390 et seq.
Thus, it is clear that while a boundary can be proved by delimitation by a body statutorily vested with authority to do so, like the NBC, it is by no means exhaustive of the method of proving same. If there is a statutory instrument that defined the boundaries of the affected LGAs of disputing parties, that will be credible evidence upon which the court can rely to make a declaration in respect of the disputed boundary. It is, therefore, my view that it is immaterial whether or not the NBC had concluded its exercise in delimiting the boundaries of CRS and AKS before the plaintiff can invoke the original jurisdiction of this Court provided that other credible evidence of proving the boundary is available.
Issue No2
Whether the boundaries of Cross River State (and more particularly the boundary between Cross River State and Akwa-Ibom State) are as set out in Exhibit 'CRSDSG 2', and, if so, whether it is competent of any State Government other than the Government of Cross River State to exercise executive, administrative and judicial power in or over the areas comprising Cross River State and more particularly in or over the cities, towns and villages set out in paragraph 42.3(a)(i), (ii) and (iii) of the plaintiff's third amended Statement of Claim (that is, paragraph 40(3)(a)(i), (ii) and (iii) of the fourth amended Statement of Claim).
Argument on this issue are advanced under two broad compartments, viz: (1) The non-estuarine boundary and (2) estuarine boundary.
In respect of the non-estuarine boundary, the learned Counsel for the plaintiff, Mrs Nelly Andem-Ewa in her written address, recounted the constitutional history of the two states from 1951 when as Calabar, Uyo and Ogoja provinces, they formed part of Eastern Nigeria, to 26 May 1967 when they were created as South Eastern State, then to 1976 when they were constituted as Cross River State with 17 LGAs and finally to 22 September 1987 when they were split into Cross River Sate with 7 LGAs and Akwa-Ibom with 10 LGAs. It is the contention of learned Counsel, that the boundaries of the LGAs before the creation of the two states remained unaltered after the creation and that Calabar Municipality and Odukpani LGAs of Cross River State share common boundaries with Akwa-Ibom State as shown on the maps Exhibits 'CRSSG 2' and 'CRSSG 3'. The boundaries as depicted in these exhibits are said to coincide with the report of the National Boundary Commission published on March 11 2002. With the boundaries as delineated, the disputed communities lie to the eastern flank of the Cross River as part of Odukpani LGA.
With regard to the estuarine boundary, the plaintiff contends that from point F to point L on Exhibit 'CRSDSG 2', the Cross River forms the natural divide between CRS and AKS with Cross-River, (Calabar South, Akpabuyo and of recent Bakassi LGAs) lying to the eastern bank of the Cross River while AKS (Oron, Uduong Uko and Mbo LGAs) is located to the western bank of the Cross River. It was further explained that from points OKL to the open sea as depicted in Exhibit 'CRSDSG 2' is an estuary which is a navigable body of water with its navigable channel indicated therein. Learned Counsel then submitted that it is the law that when, as in the instant case, the natural boundary between two states, is a navigable river, the line defining the boundary between the two states is the middle of the navigable (or main) channel of the river (otherwise called the middle of the thalweg). This rule of law, it is said, operates as a presumption of law and seeks to preserve the right of navigation of both states in the river. Reference was made to Oppenheim's International Law Vol. 1 at page 53 to paragraph 1991 where the learned author stated the principle thus:-
"Boundary rivers are such rivers as separate two different states from each other. If such a river is not navigable, the imaginary boundary line as a rule runs down the middle of the river, following all turnings of the border line of both banks of the river. If navigable, the boundary line as a rule runs through the middle of the so-called Thalweg, that is, the middle channel of the river . . ."
As instances where the Thalweg principle was followed by the United States Supreme Court, the following cases were cited:- Iowa v Illinois 147 US.1, 13 SCC 238, 37 L ED 55 (1893), New Jersey v Delaware 291 US 361. 54 Sct 407, 78 L Ed.847 (1934).
It is submitted that the principle of the thalweg is part of the jurisprudence of Nigeria's legal system for in defining the boundaries of the Eastern Region, the Cross River was mentioned with reference to its thalweg.
Adopting the thalweg principle, learned Counsel submitted that the boundaries of the land mass on either side of the part of the Cross River is as represented in Exhibit 'CRSDSG 3'. Finally it was urged that the width of the sea abutting CRS is measured by taking a perpendicular line from the meeting point of the base line and the thalweg line of the Cross River to the open sea up to the limit permitted by law as shown in Exhibit 'CRSDSG 3'.
In response to the above submission, learned Counsel for the second defendant, with respect to the non-estuarine boundary noted that under the Local Government Law 1976, Itu LGA was one of the 17 LGAs of the old Cross River State. One of the constituent wards of the said Itu LGA was Oku/Mbiabo/Ayadehe which comprises the disputed communities referred to in paragraph 40(3)(a)(i) of the Statement of Claim. Learned Counsel further noted that upon the creation of the present Cross River and Akwa-Ibom States in 1987, Itu Local Government Area with the said Oku/Mbiabo/Ayanehe ward became part of AKS and inconsequence the disputed communities are in AKS. Citing the case of Yalaju-Amaye v Association of Reg. Eng. Const. Ltd (1990) 21 NSLE (Part 2) 462 on the grant of equitable relief in support of a legal right, learned Counsel submitted that the plaintiff has not established any legal right to be entitled to the declaration sought in regard to those communities and that the NBC was in error in purporting to delineate the second defendant's North Eastern border to exclude them. With respect to the estuarine border, learned Counsel contends that the situation in America with independent states is not the same as the Nigerian situation; that the authorities referred to by plaintiff's Counsel were cited out of context and that the thalweg principle is not a universal and equitable method applicable in boundary delineation between riparian states as demonstrated in the judgment of ICJ in the case of Cameroun v Nigeria (supra). Learned Counsel further submitted that by the decision of that court whereby sovereignty over Bakassi is vested in Cameroon, CRS no longer has a seaward boundary and therefore does not share an estuarine boundary with Akwa-Ibom State.
Under the second issue for determination, the communities over which the plaintiff claims right to exercise executive, administrative and judicial power are set out in paragraphs 40(3)(a)(i), (ii) and (iii) of the fourth amended Statement of Claim. Paragraphs 40(3)(a)(i) relates to the non-estuarine boundary while paragraphs 40(3)(ii) and (iii) relate to the estuarine boundary. I propose to deal with them separately.
Communities in paragraphs 40(3)(a)(i):
The communities listed thereunder are:-
"all cities, towns and villages in Odukpani Local Government Area and more particularly in Obot Akpabio, Ikot Offiong Ebili, Asang, Ebiti Okpo, Afia Isong Plantation, Ikot Efa Beach, Etahentem, Idun Nkem, Nkpan Umik, Ikot Essien Ekpe Nyang, Esuk Ediong, Mbiabo Ikot Edem, Mbiabo, Mbiabo Abasi Efiari, Mbiabo Ikoneto, Ikot Nya, Odu Mma-Edem, Ikot Akpana, Okoho, Akwa Efe, Akpatre Efe, Odot Forest Reserve and Okpokong Bridge."
These disputed communities lie in between Itu LGA of AKS and Odukpani LGA of CRS. It seems the Cross River lies to the west of these communities. The plaintiff claims that the Cross River is the natural boundary of the two states and therefore the disputed communities on the East of that River are part of Odukpani LGA of CRS hence in their map Exhibit 'CRSDSG 2' the common boundary of the two states runs along the Cross River. The second defendant state on the other hand takes the opposite view, that is, that at some points the boundary does not lie along the Cross River but extends for a distance east of the river to encompass the disputed communities and it has tailored its boundary plan Exhibit 'AK 4' to that effect. The crucial issue is whether the disputed communities are in Itu LGA of AKS or Odukpani LGA of CRS.
It is common knowledge that every Local Government Area has a Local Government Council established to administer its area. The councils are made up of constituent wards. I think the best method of determining the Local Government Area to which the disputed communities belong and in resolving the boundary dispute is by reference to the instruments establishing Itu and Odukpani Local Government Councils as such instruments would define the extent of their areas of authority. From the submissions of learned Counsel for the second defendant and affidavit evidence, it seems that the disputed communities originally formed a ward known as Oku/Mbiabo/Ayadehe in Itu Local Government Council. Learned Counsel explained that by an Order of the Governor of the Old Cross River State made in 1983, the disputed communities were transferred from Itu LGA to Odukpani LGA pointing out that the transfer was ultra vires the power of the Governor as a result of which the transfer was null and void. It is apt to quote the submission of learned Counsel in this regard. At page 38 paragraph 70 of his brief, he said:-
"70 In 1983, the Governor of (Old Cross River State) purporting to act under the Cross River State Traditional Rulers' Law 1978 pretended to vary the villages which made up some of the clans in the state and in the process moved villages and clans across Local Government borders and put in other Local Government thereby giving the impression that these communities had been moved from one Local Government to another without an express amendment to the political composition of the Local Government and the wards."
Earlier, at paragraph 69 of the said brief, it was stressed that there was no Act of Parliament altering the composition and structure of the LGA. The 1983 Order referred to by learned Counsel was published as CRLN No 5 of 1983 in the Supplement to Cross River State of Nigeria Gazette No 34 Vol. 10 of 25 August 1983 and is titled "Local Governments, Clans, villages (variation) Order No 1 of 1983." It was made by the then Governor of Old Cross River State, Dr Clement Isong, pursuant to the Traditional Rulers Law 1978 (Edict No 14 of 1978). The contention of the second defendant appears to be that when the disputed communities were transferred from Itu to Odukpani Local Government Area, the relevant instruments creating the Local Government Councils of the two Local Government Areas were not amended in consequence of which the disputed communities continued to be part of Itu Local Government Area of Akwa-Ibom State.
It is my view, that whatever flaws that might have been attendant with in the transfer of the communities concerned, they were de facto transferred from Itu Local Government Area to Odukpani Local Government Area. The transfer was effected in 1983 before the old Cross River State was split. There is no evidence that at the time of the transfer the disputed communities or the people of Itu LGA protested. It does not seem that the Governor could wake up one morning and proceed to alter indiscriminately the existing local government structure without justification. The presumption is that the Governor in making the 1983 order acted in the best interest of the people of the entire area of the old Cross River State. There is a provision in Section 4(1)(d) of the Cross River State Law No 9 of 1983, for the alteration of the composition of a Local Government Council. It seems to me too late in the day for Akwa-Ibom State to complain about the transfer of the disputed communities which was effected more than 20 years ago. It is in the interest of both parties that the status quo as at 1987 when the two states were created be maintained. That position is that the disputed communities together with Odot Forest Reserve and Okpokong bridge are in Odukpani Local Government Area of the present Cross River State. It is my view that the reference to Odukpani LGA in Part 1 of the First Schedule of the 1999 Constitution includes the disputed communities and since the geographical boundary of the disputed communities extends to the Cross River, it is my judgment that the boundary between Akwa-Ibom State and Cross River State in the non-estuarine sector lies along the Cross River as depicted in the plaintiff's plan Exhibit 'CRSDSG 2'.
Estuarine Boundary
Communities mentioned in paragraphs 40(3)(a)(ii) and (iii) of the fourth amended Statement of Claim:
"(ii) All cities, towns and villages in Calabar South Local Government Area (particularly Alligator Island, James Island and other unnamed Islands) and Akpabuyo Local Government Area and
(iii) All cities, towns and villages in Bakassi Peninsular and its surrounding islands)."
These communities are located at the vicinity of the estuary of the Cross River. As stated in the plaintiff's Reply brief, filed on 8 March 2005, the claim in respect of the said communities has been abandoned and substituted with the claim in paragraph 40(1)(a) which reads thus:-
"(a) a declaration that the boundary between Cross River State and Akwa- Ibom State is as shown in the boundary delimitation by the NBC dated 30 March 2004 and revised on5 July 2004."
The contention of the plaintiff is that notwithstanding the judgment of the ICJ in the dispute between Nigeria and Cameroon whereby Cameroon was adjudged to have sovereignty over Bakassi peninsular, a decision which adversely affected the seaward boundary of Cross River Sate, Nigeria and Cameroon through their mixed commission have almost concluded agreement with regard to Bakassi peninsular. In consequence of that agreement, the NBC, reviewed the maritime boundary between CRS and AKS in terms substantially in accord with the Well Dichotomy Map (Map 6) of 30 March 2004 revised as at 5 July 2004. The revised boundary map Exhibit 'CRSG 1' was said to have been approved by the President on 24 January 2005.
In considering the merit of the plaintiff's case, it is important to bear in mind, that the effect of the judgment of ICJ dated 10 October 2002 on the Land and Maritime boundary case between Nigeria and Cameroon is that it has wiped off what used to be the estuarine sector of Cross River State as a result of which the state is hemmed in by the new international boundary between Nigeria and Cameroon. That being the case, there seems to be no longer any estuarine boundary between Akwa-Ibom State and Cross River State. If the "median line" principle or the thalweg principle is adopted in drawing the boundary line along the Cross River between CRS and AKS, the line must intersect the new maritime boundary line (maroua line) between Nigeria and Cameroon with the result that Cross River no longer has a seaward boundary. For the foregoing reason, it seems to me unnecessary to consider the question about the applicable principle in determining the maritime boundary between the two states.
Notwithstanding the judgment of the ICJ, the plaintiff relies on an agreement said to have been reached between Nigeria and Cameroon. In this regard, paragraphs 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22 of the affidavit of Rephael Idiku Uche are pertinent and are reproduced hereunder:-
"16 That sometime in 2002 the Presidents of Nigeria and Cameroon set up the Cameroon/Nigeria Mixed Commission with the United Nations as facilitators, to address any difficulties arising from the implementation of the judgment of the ICJ.
17. That negotiations have almost been concluded with regard to the Bakassi Peninsular.
18. That on 4 January 2005 National Boundary Commission wrote to the President to approve the reviewed maritime boundary between the plaintiff and the second defendant, which review is in substantial conformity with Exhibits 'CRSG 1' . . .
19. That on 14 January 2005, the President approved the review . . .
20. That on 24 January 2005, the NBC wrote to the RMAFC conveying the President's approval of the reviewed maritime boundary between the plaintiff and the second defendant.
21. That I am informed by the plaintiff and I verily believe him that on the 8 February 2005, the second defendant's Government instituted a suit at the Federal High Court holden at Abuja in Suit No FHC/ABJ/CS/64/2005 against the NBC, DPR, RMAFC, Accountant-General of the Federation, the plaintiff herein . . .
22. That I am informed by the plaintiff and I verily believe him that in paragraph 22 of the affidavit in support of the Exhibit 'CRSG 7' (second defendant's Originating Summons)
That the second defendant's Government has stated that it does not oppose the return of the plaintiff's oil wells . . . which oil wells are in the oil fields known as Abana, Adanga, Bogi, Ebughu, Etoro, Mimbo, Okwok and Oron."
It can easily be seen from paragraph 17 of the above affidavit, that the Revised Boundary delimitation of the NBC dated 5 July 2004 which the plaintiff is urging this Court to declare as the maritime boundary of the two states is predicated on the negotiations between Nigeria and Cameroon which negotiation is almost but not finally concluded. By paragraph 22 of the said affidavit, the plaintiff gave the impression that the second defendant is not opposed to the plaintiff's claims to the oil fields stated therein. But from the second defendant's counterclaim, most of those oil fields are claimed by the second defendant in paragraph 26 of his counterclaim. It is, therefore, clear to me that the Revised boundary delineation by NBC is not a product of an agreement between CRS and AKS contrary to the representation of the former. It also needs to be stressed that the NBC revised Boundary Map was made and allegedly approved by the President at a time when the boundary dispute was sub judice. It has been said that the making of a declaratory order is within the discretion of the trial court and that such discretion should not be readily exercised, see Ogundairo & others v Okanlawon (1963) 1 All NLR 358, per Taylor, JSC.
In the light of the observations I have expressed above regarding the NBC Revised boundary delimitation, I do not feel comfortable to grant the declaration sought. Until both Nigeria and Cameroon conclude their negotiation to finality and the international boundary fixed by the ICJ is modified and published, in line with the agreement, it will be premature for this Court to determine the maritime boundary of the two states.
Issue 3
Whether Cross River is entitled to the orders of account sought in this suit, and/or to judgment for the admitted sum of N3,232,433,537.49 (three billion, two hundred and thirty-two million, four hundred and thirty-three thousand, five hundred and thirty-seven naira, forty-nine kobo.)
The circumstances relating to the plaintiff's claim to the sum of N3,232,433,537.49k are set out in the affidavit evidence of Mrs Rose Bassey, Accountant-General Cross River State. Paragraphs 21 to 24 are pertinent and are reproduced hereunder:-
"21 By a letter dated 15 July 2003 ref GO/3/19 Vol. 11/346 (Exhibit 'CRSAG 1') Cross River State made a demand on the Federal Government of Nigeria, through RMAFC, for a proper account of its entitlement of the revenue accruing to the Federation Account from mineral resources within the boundary of Cross River state.
22. In consequence of Exhibit 'CRSAG 1' above, the RMAFC by letter dated 2 September 2002, ref. RMC/SEG/613/Vol. I/178, (Exhibit 'CRSAG 2') wrote to the office of the Accountant-General of the Federation admitting that Cross River State was entitled under the derivation principle from May 1997 to July 2002 to the sum of N3,232,433,537.49 being its entitlement of revenue accruing to the Federation Account from mineral oil exploration activities within its boundary for the said period.
23. By another letter dated 30 March 2003, (Exhibit 'CRSAG 3') RMAFC wrote to the Minister for Finance advising that the amount due to Cross River State as its entitlement from revenues accruing to the Federation Account from mineral oil exploration activities within its boundaries under the derivation principle for the period May 1997 to July 2002 had been reviewed downward to N2,455,888,820.14."
In an endorsement of Exhibit 'CRSAG 3' to the Governor of Cross-River State, RMAFC explained the reason for the downward review in paragraphs 2 and 3 of the endorsement thus:-
"2. You would have observed that in our letter reference RMC/SEC.013/Vol. 1/178 of 2 September 2002 addressed to the Accountant-General and endorsed to you in response to your letter No 90/S/18/Vol. 2/345 of 15 July 2002 . . . we did advise the Accountant-General of the Federation to refund to your state, the sum of N3,232,488,537.49 (three billion, two hundred and thirty-two million, four hundred and thirty-three thousand five hundred and thirty-seven naira and forty-nine kobo only based on the old indices used before the Supreme Court judgment in suit No SC/28/2001 of 5 April 2003.
3. However, with the Supreme Court judgment on offshore and onshore dichotomy and the revision of the indices arising from the verification of oil wells that fall within the boundaries of littoral states, new indices have had to be computed, thereby reducing the amount due for refund to your state to N2,455,888,820.14 (two billion, four hundred and fifty five million, eight hundred and eighty-eight thousand, eight hundred and twenty naira, fourteen kobo only)."
It is manifest from the above explanation that the downward revenue of the revenue accruing to the plaintiff was as a result of the implementation of the judgment of this Court in which new indices were used to re-calculate the plaintiff's entitlement. The plaintiff has not placed before this Court evidence to fault the new indices used. It is, therefore, my view that the plaintiff has not established its entitlement to the sum of N3,232,433,537.49 as claimed but the entitlement of the lesser sum of N2,455,888,820.14 has been proved. While a court cannot award more than what a plaintiff claims, it can award less, see Ekpenyong & others v Nyong & others (1975) 2 SC 78 at 80-81; Felix Okoli Ezeonwu v Charles Onyechi & 2 others (1996) 3 NWLR (Part 438) 439. In the instant case, since there is uncontradicted evidence of the admission by the RMAFC that the plaintiff is entitled to the lesser sum of N2,455,888,820.14, judgment will be entered in favour of the plaintiff in respect of that sum.
With respect to the prayer for an order of account, it is conceded that by virtue of Section 162(1) of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, that the Federal Government holds the position of a trustee in respect of all monies paid into the Federation Account on behalf of the states from which the revenue was generated. As was decided by this Court in the case of Attorney-General Bendel State v Attorney-General of the Federation & others (1983) NSCC Vol. 14, 181 at page 193 this Court, per Uwais, JSC as he then was, while interpreting Section 149(1) of the 1979 Constitution, which is in pari materia with Section 162(1) of the 1999 Constitution observed thus:-
"It is settled that it is the duty of a trustee to keep a proper account of the trust he administers. And the beneficiary has a right to call upon the trustee for accurate information as to the state of the trust. Consequently, it is imperative for the Federal Government to render accurate and regular account to the beneficiaries of all monies paid into the Federation Account when requested to do so."
See also, the case, of Attorney-General of the Federation v Attorney-General Abia State & others (2002) 6 NWLR (Part 764) 542. In the instant case, however, plaintiff's claim for an account in paragraphs 40(2)(a), and (c) is on the allegation that the Federal Government neglected, omitted or wilfully defaulted in furnishing such account to the plaintiff. There is no evidence placed before this Court to substantiate the allegation. Consequently the plaintiff is not entitled to the order of account.
It is convenient at this stage to advert to the second defendant's counterclaim. In considering the counterclaim, it is well to bear in mind that a counterclaim is a claim by the defendant against the plaintiff's claim. In the case in hand, paragraphs 26(a), (b), and (c) of the second defendant's counterclaim do not refer to the plaintiff and as such are incompetent. With respect to paragraphs 26(d) and (e) of the counterclaim, the declaration prayed for cannot be granted having regard to the views I have expressed to the effect that the disputed communities transferred to Odukpani LGA now belong to Cross River State.
Consistent with the several reasons given above, it is hereby ordered as follows:-
(1) Relief 40(1) of the plaintiff's claims is refused and struck out.
(2) Reliefs 40(2)(a), (b) and (c) of the plaintiff's claim are refused.
(3) The sum of money claimed in paragraph 40(2)(d) is refused but judgment is entered for the plaintiff against the first defendant in the sum of N2,455,888,820.14 (two billion, four hundred and fifty-five million, eight hundred and eighty-eight thousand, eight hundred and twenty-naira, fourteen kobo only).
(4) Reliefs 40(3)(a)(i) and (b) limited to 40(3)(a)(i) are granted.
(5) Reliefs 26(a), (b) and (c) of the counter-claim are struck out.
(6) Reliefs 26(d) and (e) of the counter-claim are dismissed.
As each party has equally failed and equally succeeded, the order of this Court is that costs shall remain where they were incurred.
Uwais, CJN:- I have had the opportunity of reading in draft the judgment read by my learned brother Edozie, JSC I entirely agree with him that as each party succeeds in part there should be no order as to costs. Each party should bear its costs.
Katsina-Alu, JSC:- I have had the advantage of reading in draft the judgment delivered by my learned brother Edozie, JSC. I entirely agree with it.
It is not in dispute that the disputed communities originally formed a ward known as Oku/Mbiabo/Ayadehe in the Itu Local Government Area. The parties are also agreed that by an order of the Governor of the old Cross River State made in 1983, the disputed communities were transferred from Itu Local Government Area to Odukpani LGA. The transfer was effected before the old Cross River State was split. It is only right that the status quo as at 1987 when the two states were created be maintained. It follows therefore that the communities which the plaintiff claims in the instant case, should remain where they were immediately before the old Cross River State was split.
As regards the monetary claim, I am in total agreement that the sum of N2,455,888,820.14 has been clearly established as the amount due to the plaintiff. It should be paid forthwith to the plaintiff.
I also agree, for the reasons stated by my learned brother, Edozie, JSC that the counterclaim fails. I also abide by all the orders made in the leading judgment, including the order as to costs.
Musdapher, JSC:- I have had the honour to read in advance, the judgment of my Lord Edozie, JSC just delivered with which I entirely agree. The dispute in this matter is mainly on the extent of the boundary between the two neighbouring states to wit (i) the northern land boundary between Itu Local Government Area Council in Akwa-Ibom State and Odukpani Local Government Area Council in Cross River State. (ii) The Southern estuarine boundary between Calabar Municipal, Akpabuyo and until recently Bakassi Local Government, Area Councils in Cross River State and Oron, Udung-Uko and MBO Local Government Area Councils in Akwa-Ibom State. While the claim of the plaintiff against the first defendant is mainly for an order to account and pay the revenue accruable and payable from the Federation Account to the plaintiff in view of the boundary adjustment.
In support of their pleadings the parties filed copious affidavit evidence with several document including maps, charts and letters. At the hearing of the matter the parties in addition to the written address made oral submissions in support and defence of their cases. Based purely on the facts, his Lordship in the judgment aforesaid, Edozie, JSC, has painstakingly lucidly and comprehensively examined, appraised and evaluated all the available evidence tendered in this matter and in my view came to the right conclusion. I adopt his reasoning as mine and I also, accordingly, order, as follows:-
(1) Relief 40(1) is refused and struck out.
(2) Relief 40(2)(a), (b) and (c) are refused.
(3) The sum of money claimed in paragraph (40)(2)(a) is refused but judgment is entered for the plaintiff against the first defendant in the sum of N2,455,888,820.14k (two billion four hundred and fifty five million eight hundred and eighty eight and twenty naira and fourteen kobo) only.
(4) Reliefs 40(3)(a)(i) and (b) limited to 40(3)(a)(i) are granted.
(5) Reliefs 26(a), (b) and (c) of the counter-claim are struck out.
(6) Reliefs 26(d) and (e) of the counter-claim are dismissed.
Each party to hear its costs.
Pats-Acholonu, JSC:- I have read in draft the judgment of my noble and learned Lord Edozie, JSC and I agree with him. This case has not much to do with law strictly speaking. In my view this should be a matter that ought to be settled politically. Access to the court is one of the principal pillars of democracy but for any matter relating to boundary dispute that can be resolved decently and easily with the assistance of the Boundary Commission, it is proper and just that resort to such resolution be made through that organ.
I abide by the orders in the leading judgment.
Oguntade, JSC:- The plaintiff, the Honourable Attorney-General of Cross-River State (hereinafter abbreviated as the 'CRS') commenced his suit on behalf of the Government of his State claiming against the Attorney-General of the Federation and the Attorney-General of Akwa-Ibom State (hereinafter abbreviated as 'AKS'). The dispute arose in connection with the northern or non-estuarine and the southern estuarine boundaries between the CRS and the AKS. The plaintiff in paragraph 40 of its fourth amended Statement of Claim seeks the under-mentioned reliefs:-
"40 (1) The plaintiff's claim against the defendants is for:
A declaration that the boundary between Cross-River State (CRS) and Akwa-Ibom State (AKS) is as shown in the boundary delineation by NBC dated 30 March 2004 and revised on 5 July 2004.
(2) Plaintiff's claim against the first defendant is for:
(a) an order of account of revenue that has accrued to the Federation Account from mineral oils derived from Cross River State on the basis of the derivation Principle from 23 September 1987 to 28 May (sic) which Cross River State should have received but for the neglect, omission or wilful default of the Federal Government of Nigeria;
(b) an order for payment to Cross River State of any sums due from the Federation Account to Cross River State upon taking such account;
(c) an order of account of revenue due to the Cross River State from the revenue that has accrued to the Federation Account from mineral resources more particularly mineral oil derived from Cross River State from 29 May 1999 to date of judgment, being avenue which Cross River State should have received but for the neglect, omission or wilful default of the Federal Government of Nigeria;
(d) an order for payment forthwith of the admitted sum of N3,329,433,537.42 (sic) (three billion two hundred and thirty-two million, four hundred and thirty-three thousand, five hundred and thirty-seven Naira, forty-nine kobo) being areas of revenue due to CRS under the provisions of Section 162(2) of 1999 Constitution from May 29 to July 2002 and any additional sum due and thereafter until full payment thereof.
(3) The plaintiff's claim against the second defendant is for:
(a) A declaration that (the State (authority to exercise administrative, executive, legislative and judicial powers or functions in or over:
(i) all cities, towns and villages in Odukpani Local Government and More particularly in Obot Akapabio (sic), Ikot-Offiong Ebiti, Asang, Okpo, Afia Isong Plantation, Ikot Efa Bench, Etehentem, Idim Nkem, Nkpan uruk, Ikot Essien Ekpe Inyang, Esuk Ediong, Mbiabo kot Edem, Mbiabo, Mbiabo Abasi Efiari, Mbiabo Ikoneto, Ikot Nya, Odu Mma-Edem, Ikot Akpana, okoho, Akwa Efe, Akapa Tre Efe, Odot Forest Reserve and Okpokong Bridge;
(ii) all cities, towns and villages in Calaba South Local Government Area (particularly Alligator Island, James Island and other unnamed Islands) and Akpabuyo Local Government Area; and
(iii) all cities, towns and villages in Bakassi Local Government Area, (particularly Bakassi Peninsular and its surrounding Islands) are vested in the Government of Cross River State (to the exclusion of the Government of Akwa-Ibom State); and
(b) an order of perpetual injunction restraining all arms of government, officer, employees, appointees, agents and servants of the Government of Akwa-Ibom State, or any persons or authority established by law in force in Akwa-Ibom State from exercising administrative, executive, legislative and judicial powers in or over any part of Cross River State and more particularly the areas set on in paragraph 40(3)(a) above."
The second defendant, the AKS raised a counterclaim against the plaintiff. The counter-claim reads:
"26 (a) A declaration that the defendant is entitled to the revenue accruing onshore from the total production of Addax oil wells/fields of Abanga, Akam, Ebughu, Bogi, Ebughune, Ukpan, Mimbo, amounting to 4,532,608 barrels between June 1999 and June 2002; and the Monipulo Oil wells/fields of Abana East and Abana West amount to 25,198,556 barrels or the same period which by the; clear and unambiguous admission of the Revenue Mobilisation and Fiscal Commission had never been credited to the defendant.
(b) An order directing the first defendant to compute and pay to the second defendant its (sic) share of accrued revenue from Addax and Monipulo oil fields for the period June 1999 to June 2002 amounting to 29,731.164 barrels of crude petroleum.
(c) An order directing the second (error for first) defendant's agent RMAFC, to report on the Production figures for Davy Bank, Obio, Efiat 1, Efiat 2, Okposo East, Tom Shot Bank 1, Tom Shot Bank 2, and Cross River which have never been assessed nor paid to the defendant for the purpose of computing the revenue due and payable to the State.
(d) A declaration that it was ultra vires the powers of the Governor of the old Cross River Stat to purport to alter the boundaries of the Local Governments in the State under the 1979 Constitution.
(e) A declaration that Obot Akpabio, Ikot Offiong Ebiti, Asang, Okpo, Afia Isong Plantation, Ikot Efa Beach, Etchentem, Idim nkem, Nkpan Uruk, Ikot Essien, Ekpe Inyang, Esuk Ediong, Mbiabo Ikot Edem, Mbiabo, Mbiabo Abasi Efiari, Mbiabo Ikonet, Ekot Nya, Odu Mma-Edem, Ikot Akpana, Okoho, Akwa Efe, Akpatre Efe, odot Forest Reserve and Okpokong Bridge have always been and remain part of Akwa-Ibom State."
My learned brother, Edozie, JSC has in the lead judgment, which I consider comprehensive in the manner it has dealt with the issues in the case, and expressed views and conclusions with which I entirely agree. I have nonetheless found it necessary to express my views by way of emphasis, on the plaintiff's claim as to the northern boundary and the second defendant's counter-claim thereto.
The plaintiff's claim as to the northern boundary between him and the second defendant is simple and easy to understand. The CRS was created a State in 1976 by Act No 12 of the same year. On 1 October 1979 and up till 22 September 1987, the Local Government Areas together constituting the land area of CRS were (1) Calabar Municipality, (2) Abak, (3) Ukanfun, (4) Akamkpa, (5) Odukpani, (6)Eket, (7) Etinan, (8) Ikom, (9) Ikot Abasi, (10) Ikot Ekpene, (11) Itu, (12) Ikono, (13) Obubra, (14) Ogoja, (15) Obudu, (16) Oron and (17) Uyo. On 23 September 1987 however, the AKS was carved out of the CRS and ten of the Local Government Areas constituting CRS were transferred to the new AKS. The ten Local Government Areas (hereinafter abbreviated as 'LGA') were (1) Ikoto Ekpene, (2) Abak, (3) Eket, (4) Ukanfun, (5) Ikot Abasi, (6) Uyo, (7) Etinan, (8) Ikono, (9) Oron and (10) Itu. The present CRS shares boundary with AKS at the old Calabar Municipality and Odukpani, LGAs. It was plaintiff's case that the areas or communities referred to in its claim 40(3)(1) were all in Odukpani Local Government Area which had been a constituent part of CRS since its creation in 1976.
The case of the second defendant, which serves both as an answer to plaintiff's claim 40(3)(1), and the arrowhead of its counter-claim is succinctly stated in paragraphs 9, 10 and 11 of the affidavit evidence of second defendant deposed to on 23 October 2003 by Bassey Etim Akpan, cartographer and Head of Department of Cartography, Ministry of Lands and Housing Akwa-Ibom State. The paragraphs read:-
"(9) The origin of the dispute of the Akwa-Ibom and Cross River States over their boundary has its origin in 1983 when the Governor of the old Cross River State, purported to vary the boundaries of Itu and Odukpani Local Government areas of the then Cross River State by an Executive Order, which act put some of the communities of Obot Akpabio, Ikot Offiong Ebiti, Asang, Okpo, Afia Isong Plantation, Ikot Efa Beach, Etechentem, Idim Nkem, Nkpan uruk, Ikot Essien Ekpe Inyand, Esuk Ediong, Mbiabo Ikot Edem, Mbiabo, Mbiabo Abasi Efiari, Mbiabo ikoneto, Ikot Nya, Odu Mma-Edem, Ikot Akpana, Okoho, Akwa Efe, Akpatre Efe, Odot Forest Reserve and Okpokong Bridge) in Okukpani Local Government Area of Cross River State.
(10) At the creation of Akwa-Ibom State in 1987, the members of those communities refused to be bound by the order until when on 11 March 2002 the National Boundary Commission, by fiat purported to acquiesce the illegality by delimiting the boundary on the North Eastern end of Akwa-Ibom Stat to exclude its people and lands underlined in paragraph 9 above.
(11) Since the creation of the two States in 1987, as admitted by the plaintiff, the boundaries of the two States at the time of the split of the old Cross River State into the new Cross River and Akwa-Ibom States have remained the boundaries of the South Eastern State which in 1976 was renamed Cross River Stat. The boundaries of the Eastern Region, (set out in Legal Notice 126, of 1954), was used in determining the boundaries of South Eastern State and in consequence the old 'Cross River States', and from there both CRS and AKS. At the creation of Akwa-Ibom and the new Cross River States, all communities existing in each of the Local Government Areas wee deemed to continue to so exist remain and form part of the States as presently constituted."
It is apparent that whilst the plaintiff bases the claim on the Laws which created the CRS and AKS in 1976 and 1987 respectively, the second defendant relies on the same laws with the extrapolation that the adjustment made in the areas or communities constituting Odukpani LGA in 1983 by the Governor of the old CRS could not be recognised as it was invalidly done. In effect, the second defendant contends that Odukpani LGA is indeed part of CRS provided the adjustment of 1983 is not recognised or taken into account. It was this adjustment, which moved some areas or communities from Itu LGA now in AKS to Odukpani LGA now in CRS. It is thus seen that the second defendant's resistance to plaintiff's claim is substantially premised on an alleged invalidity of a 1983 order made by the incumbent Governor of CRS which at the time included the LGAs now constituting AKS.
There is no doubt that CRS was created by Law No 12 of 1976. The said Law sets out the LGAs constituting the State. Section 4 of the Law No 12 of 1976 makes provisions for setting up a States Boundaries Adjustment Commission, which was charged with responsibility for adjusting the boundaries of any State created under the said Law. The boundary of CRS was however not altered or adjusted at anytime before the creation of AKS by Law No 24 of 1987.
Under the 1963 Constitution of the Republic of Nigeria, Local Government was a matter within residual list and a matter within the competence of the Regional Governments. In the exercise of that power the Regional Governments constituted area or communities into specific Local Government Areas. Following the advent of Military rule in Nigeria, States were created from the existing regions. The practice followed in the creation of these States was that Local Government Divisions or Areas, which existed, were identified and grouped together to constitute the new States being created. What actually happened was that some LGAs were excised from an existing Region or State to constitute a new State as the need arose.
In the case of CRS and AKS, the South Eastern State was created in 1967 and it comprised of 14 divisions. In 1976, when the CRS was created by Act No 12, the 17 LGAs constituting the new CRS were identified and named.
In 1987, ten of the LGAs of CRS were excised to form AKS. The Law creating AKS in 1987 had not named the areas or communities that were to constitute AKS. Neither did the Law concern itself with the internal administrative engineering, which had taken place within CRS between 1976 when CRS was created and 1987 when AKS was excised out of CRS. There is no doubt that in 1983, the incumbent Governor of CRS transferred some areas or communities from Itu LGA to Odukpani LGA but the impropriety or invalidity of such transfer was never brought to the attention of the then Military Government when in 1987 AKS was created. The AKS was therefore created by reference to the LGAs as they stood immediately before 1987. In any case, it is doubtful if an area or community would have been able to contend successfully that it did not wish to be placed in a particular LGA.
The result is that the towns, villages and communities in Odukpani Local Government Area as at 22 September 1987 when AKS was created from CRS must continue to be a part of the same LGA and consequentially a part of CRS. The plaintiff's claim No 40(3)(a)(i) must therefore succeed.
With respect to plaintiff's claim for N3,329,433,537.42 being arrears of revenue due to CRS under the provisions of Section 162(2) of the 1999 Constitution from 29 May to July 2002, I am satisfied that the first defendant has shown satisfactorily why that amount was reviewed downward to N2,455,888,820.14. The need to review the amount downward arose because of the necessity to comply with the judgment of this Court in an earlier dispute concerning the States of the Federation and the first defendant. I also agree with the lead judgment that the plaintiff is not entitled to more than N2,455,888,820.14.
And finally is the dispute concerning the estuarine boundary between CRS and AKS. There was the judgment of the International Court of Justice on 10 October 2002. The judgment in its effect wiped off what used to be the estuarine sector of Cross River State. That occurrence has made any attempt to apply either the "median line" principle or the "thalweg" principle unrealistic until a new maritime boundary between Nigeria and Cameroon is agreed and identified.
In the final conclusion, I agree with the lead judgment of Edozie, JSC. I would also make the same orders as in the lead judgment. I subscribe to the order on costs.
Akintan, JSC:- The disputes that led the plaintiff to institute this action in this Court under the original-jurisdiction of this Court are mainly between the plaintiff and the second defendant. The claims are, inter alia, for declarations and an order for refund to the plaintiff a specified sum of money which the plaintiff claimed to be its entitlement but which was wrongly paid to the second defendant. The first defendant was joined as the trustee through whom disbursements due to the states are made. The second leg of the claim relates to boundary disputes between the plaintiff and the second defendant. The plaintiff is seeking, among others, for an order of this Court for a return of certain named villages, communities and settlements which are at present being administered by the second defendant.
I had the privilege of reading before now the leading judgment just delivered by my learned brother, Edozie, JSC. He has painstakingly set out all the issues raised in the case, discussed them extensively and came to conclusions which are entirely agreeable to me. I therefore adopt them.
I entirely agree with the views expressed in the leading judgment that the boundaries of states created as a result of carving out new states from existing states should be in line with what were in existence immediately before the carving out of portions of the state from which the newly created states emerged. It follows therefore that the communities being claimed in the instant case, should remain where they were immediately before the plaintiff and the second defendant states were split into two states. I also believe and hold that the sum of N2,455,888,820.14 which has been clearly established as an amount due to the plaintiff, should be paid forthwith to the said plaintiff.
As regards the counterclaim, I share the same views as expressed in the leading judgment that Reliefs 26(a), (b) and (c) of the counterclaim should be refused and struck out while Reliefs 26(d) and (e) should be dismissed and I make the same orders. I also abide by all the orders made in the leading judgment, including that on costs.
Claims partly allowed.
Awabego v Akubayela and Another (J4/6/2016) [2016] GHASC 23 (23 November 2016); Supervisory Jurisdiction Jurisdiction Civil Procedure Declaratory Relief Civil Remedies African customary law and rights of indigenous peoples Human and environmental rights Environmental law Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law EL IndexThis was a dispute over land ownership and related claims to reversionary interest compensation. Both parties sought orders declaring that they were allodial owners of the land in dispute according to tradition and customs, and that they were entitled to receive the reversionary interest compensation.
The court determined whether the allodial title to the land in dispute vested in individual families or in the appellant as the Tindana for and on behalf of the whole community.
The court held that the best way of resolving conflicts arising from traditional evidence concerning ownership of land is to test it against recent acts to see which traditional version is supported. The court found that it is widely accepted, among legal writers, scholars and practitioners, that the Tindana is the landlord or landowner. Additionally, the report of the committee to investigate a land dispute between the Tindonsobligo and the Kalbeo people explicitly stated that the Tindana was the allodial owner of land, while the people were usufucts (settler/farmers).
The court noted that the defendants Tindana status was not in dispute, and concluded that the appellant was the the allodial owner of Kalbeo land and held it in in trust for community.
AKINTOLA (FOR HIMSELF AND ON BEHALF OF ELESADE FAMILY) v. OYELADE (FOR HIMSELF AND ON BEHALF OF ILOFE PEOPLE) (SC 129/1988) [1993] 2 (05 March 1993); Declaratory Relief Civil Remedies Injunction Injuctions and interdicts Civil Remedies African customary law and rights of indigenous peoples Human and environmental rights Environmental law Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law EL IndexThis was an appeal against the decision of the Court of Appeal that declared that the respondents were the rightful owners of the land in dispute, issued damages for trespass by the appellant and an injunction preventing the appellant from entering the land and harvesting therefrom.
The facts revealed that the appellant's forefather granted the respondent's forefather a portion of land for farming purposes and reserved the right to reap the fruits of trees in the farm. In exchange, the respondent’s forefather was also required to pay Ishakole( land rent) as and when due.
The court determined the rights of the appellant as a customary tenant. The court noted that the appellant’s rights were subject to the respondent’s (landlord) right to reversion in case of any breach of the grant. However, it noted that a landlord is still required to approach the court to forfeit the interest of the tenant.
The court also determined the rights of the parties in a customary tenancy after the Land Use Act 1978 came into operation. The court found that act took away the freehold title vested in individuals or communities but not the customary right of use and control of the land. It was thus held that a customary tenant remained a tenant subject to the conditions attached to the customary tenancy. Further, the court held that the appellant was entitled to harvest fruits and trees and could not be liable for trespassing.
Accordingly, the appeal was allowed.
Mberenga v Destone Germany aka Group Village Headman Mberenga and Others (Order) (Land Cause No. 199 of 2016) [2016] MWHC 655 (12 December 2016); Injunction Injuctions and interdicts Civil Remedies Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law EL IndexThe court considered an application for the continuation of an interlocutory injunction which was granted to restrain the defendants from entering, cultivating, occupying or developing on the plaintiff’s land. The plaintiff’s father gave him customary land, which he cleared himself and the land was later subdivided. The first defendant alleged that he held a right to the land on account of the growing population of the family.
The court held that an interlocutory injunction is a temporary and exceptional remedy which was available before the rights of the parties had been finally determined. The first issue for the court to determine was whether there was a triable issue. It found that there were pertinent questions regarding the land that had to be determined at trial. The court then considered the issue of compensability, that is, the extent to which damages could be an adequate remedy. The court found that every piece of land had its own unique value and damages would be an inadequate remedy and as the value was difficult to quantify.
The court found that if the interlocutory injunction was not extended the plaintiff would suffer irreparable harm and justice demanded that the land remain intact until the action was determined. Accordingly, the application succeeded.
Mulipa v Mr and Mrs Bibiyani and Other Unknown (Order) (Land Cause Number 105 of 2016) [2017] MWHC 119 (22 May 2017); Injunction Injuctions and interdicts Civil Remedies Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law EL IndexThe court considered an application for the continuation of an order of injunction to restrain the defendants from trespassing or encroaching on the plaintiff’s land, pending the determination of the plaintiff’s claim. The plaintiff alleged that she purchased customary land from the daughter of its previous owner. The plaintiff enjoyed possession of the land, until the defendants alleged that the land was their grandfather’s and the seller had no authority to sell it. Although, the plaintiff argued that she had ownership of the land, the defendants argued that customary land could not be sold or bought, thus she had no right to protect.
The court considered the temporary injunction and whether the plaintiff had disclosed a triable claim. It found that where the applicant had disclosed a good claim to the right, the court would then consider whether damages was an adequate remedy. The court found that the plaintiff’s use of the word bought was incorrect, stating that she parted with money in exchange to acquire the right to use and occupy the land, she however, had a triable right to protect. The court held that the remedy of damages was not adequate as the land was unique.
In conclusion, the court found that the balance of convenience favoured the status quo in protecting the land, used and occupied by the plaintiff until the outcome of the trial and upheld the application
Kapanda v Misanjo (Civil Appeal No. 90 of 2015) [2018] MWHC 29 (30 January 2018); Frivolous, vexatious, nuisance proceedings Conduct of proceedings Civil Procedure Injunction Injuctions and interdicts Civil Remedies Constitutional Interpretation Constitutional Law Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law EL IndexThe appellant in this matter claimed that the respondent had encroached onto her land. The lower court found for the respondent and dismissed the claim. The appellant argued that the learned Magistrate erred in law and fact in ordering that the defendant acquired the land in dispute through adverse possession yet there was evidence that the appellant protested the defendant's conduct and further that the magistrate had erred in law in disregarding the laws of inheritance.
The court held that the evidence rendered by the appellant, was insufficient to counter the argument on adverse possession. The defendant and his father had used this land for over 35 years without any disturbance legally for growing trees. The court held that if a person occupied land without the sanction of the owner for 12 years, he was deemed to have acquired it through adverse possession. The court went on to hold that the claim had nothing to do with distribution of intestate property. The pleadings merely spoke of the respondent’s encroachment into her land and nothing to do with intestate succession. That being the case, the lower court would have erred if it had decided the case on the basis of the act when inheritance was not an issue before the lower court.
Accordingly, the case was dismissed.
Mukakama and Others v Engil and Others (Civil Cause No. 268 of 2015) [2018] MWHC 34 (23 April 2018); Attribution of Costs Costs Civil Remedies Environmental impact and risk assessment Environmental decision-making Environmental law Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law EL IndexThis was a claim for negligence and damages caused to the plaintiffs’ houses by road construction works that were carried out by the first defendant with the authority of the second defendant. The second defendant argued that the action was statute barred and that it could not be held liable for the first defendant’s negligence since they were independent contractors.
The court noted that the plaintiffs accepted that the action against the second defendant was statute barred but argued that the second defendant waived its right to a remedy under the act. The court held that the joinder of the second defendant to the proceedings was improper. It was further held that the waiver which was not pleaded lacked merit.
Secondly, the court determined whether the first defendant was negligent. The court noted that an action of negligence required the plaintiffs to prove that there was a duty of care owed to them, a breach of the duty and damages suffered thereof. The court held that the first defendant owed the plaintiffs a duty of care not to subject their houses to a risk of damage. However, the court found that the plaintiffs failed to prove a breach of the duty, since there was no evidence that the construction was done without risk assessment and the plaintiffs had been compensated for the damages.
The issue of the second defendant’s liability was found to be redundant, since the action was already dismissed on the basis of the first and second issues.
Trustees, Blantyre Synod v Banda (Land Cause No.64 of 2017) [2018] MWHC 720 (21 May 2018); Temporary Injunction Injuctions and interdicts Civil Remedies Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law EL IndexThe matter dealt with an application for an order for the continuation of an interlocutory injunction arising from a dispute regarding encroachment onto the claimant’s land by the defendant.
The court considered whether it should grant an order for the continuation of the interlocutory injunction or discharge the interlocutory injunction.
An interlocutory injunction is a temporary and exceptional remedy which is available before the rights of the parties have been finally determined. In any application for an interlocutory injunction, the court first needs to determine whether there is a serious issue to be tried. If not, the application fails in limine. In this case, it was clear from reading the sworn statements that the facts herein were in dispute and raised pertinent questions to be determined by the court at a full trial.
The court then considered whether damages would constitute an adequate remedy. It held that damages would have been an inadequate remedy in this application.
It was the court’s view that the balance of convenience tilted in favour of allowing the continuation of the interlocutory injunction.
Accordingly, continuation of interlocutory injunction granted.
Malisita & Ors v Group Villiage Headman Sakhama (Civil Cause No. 66 of 2018) [2018] MWHC 752 (04 July 2018); Temporary Injunction Injuctions and interdicts Civil Remedies Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law EL IndexThe matter dealt with an application for an order of interlocutory injunction restraining the defendant from entering, cultivating and burning bricks on the claimant's farm lands pending the hearing and determination of this matter or until a further order of the court.
The court considered whether it should grant an order of interlocutory injunction or dismiss the application. An interlocutory injunction is a temporary and exceptional remedy which is available before the rights of the parties have been finally determined.
When considering an application for injunctions, the following principles apply:
1) as long as there is a serious question to be tried, a prima facie case does not have to be shown;
2) whether the plaintiff would be adequately compensated by damages for the loss if they succeed;
3) whether the defendant would be adequately compensated if the plaintiff fails;
4) consider all matters relevant to the balance of convenience;
5) consider the relative strength of each party’s case.
In this case, according to the claimants' own evidence, each of them received a court order to the effect that the judgement of the First Grade Magistrate Court sitting at Mulanje extended to the claimants. Therefore, the court order had to continue to apply until, if at all, a contrary decision was made in the substantive action.
Application for interlocutory injunction dismissed.
Burgess v Celtel Malawi Ltd (Civil Cause No. 2020 of 2004) [2018] MWHC 1060 (26 September 2018); Frivolous, vexatious, nuisance proceedings Conduct of proceedings Civil Procedure Plants, forests and forestry (flora) Flora and fauna Environmental law Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law EL IndexThis was an action for damages for nuisance and trespass against the defendant. The plaintiff claimed that he was the owner of a property on which the defendant erected a 55m antenna in a brick enclosure along with an unsilenced diesel generator which produced noise. He further claimed that the defendant erected a girder with red flashing lights and positioned two 24-hour security guards at the enclosure. The defendant contended that the property was part of a forest reserve for which it had obtained a licence from the Department of Forestry.
The court considered whether or not the defendant was liable in trespass and nuisance and whether or not the plaintiff was entitled to the damages claimed.
The court found that the plaintiff held a 99-year lease over his property and that the licence granted to the defendant by the Department of Forestry did not specify the exact site for the location of the antenna. It was therefore held that the licence did not justify the trespass. The court concluded that the defendant was liable for trespass on the plaintiff’s land.
In determining the issue on nuisance, the court noted that the plaintiff did not plead the particulars of the alleged nuisance by the defendant and that he did not adduce evidence to prove the allegation of the nuisance. As such, the claim for nuisance was dismissed.
Accordingly, the court awarded the plaintiff damages for trespass.
Kapiye v Lapken & Anor. (Civil Appeal Cause No. 102 of 2017) [2018] MWHC 1101 (23 July 2018); Judicial Review Appeals and reviews Civil Procedure Injunction Injuctions and interdicts Civil Remedies Cultural and heritage values in the environment Environmental decision-making Environmental law African customary law and rights of indigenous peoples Human and environmental rights Environmental law Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law EL IndexThis was an appeal against a decision of a magistrate to dismiss the appellant’s claim over a piece of customary land which he claimed was unlawfully in the possession of the second respondent, his son. The appellant had left the village for a long time and upon returning found that the first respondent had constructed a home on his land. The appellant instructed the first respondent to vacate land but he refused and proceeded to sell the land to the second respondent. The appellant told the court below that he inherited the piece of land from his father. The lower court found that the appellant had failed to adduce enough evidence to show that the land belonged to him.
The court had to determine the following: which party had the right of occupation of the land; whether the land was lawfully transferred to the second respondent and whether a permanent injunction could be granted restraining the appellant or the respondents from interfering with the land in question.
The court held that although the land had been given to the first respondent customarily, chiefs must be guided by the law specifically, the Constitution and it was against the law to deprive any person the right to use and occupy customary land without any justification at law. It held that indefinite individual usage and occupation of customary land was therefore permissible under the laws of Malawi and the subsequent transfer was legal. Accordingly, the court upheld the lower court ruling.
Kunutsor Vrs Tetteh (H1/160/06) [2008] GHACA 35 (12 June 2008); EL Index Locus standi in environmental litigation Litigation of environmental issues Environmental law Injunction Injuctions and interdicts Civil Remedies Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law Plants, forests and forestry (flora) Flora and fauna Environmental law Appeals and reviews Civil ProcedureThe court considered an appeal against an injunction to restrain the appellants from going onto the disputed land to demarcate, dig, construct etc. any tree on the land until the action had been finally determined. The court considered, 1) the weight of evidence and 2) the capacity of the respondent.
The respondent obtained a customary grant of land 22 years before the action. Later, he obtained a formal lease and was reallocated additional acres of land, which was used to cultivate cash and food crops. Due to development in the area, the respondent’s land was whittled away. The respondent alleged that the appellants trespassed on his land and undertook various activities such as alienation of portions of his land, in the premise.
On the ground of capacity, it was found that once a party’s capacity had been challenged, it should be determined as a preliminary point and the suit can only be heard after this is determined. The court held that the appellants did not raise capacity as a preliminary issue and as such, the manner in which it was raised was a ploy to confuse the trial judge.
On ground of the weight of evidence, the court found that if the injunction had not been granted, the respondents land would have been pillaged and its nature entirely changed. Thus, an injunction was necessary to ensure that irreparable damage was not caused.
The court found that the trial judge exercised his discretion properly and thus the appeal was dismissed and remitted to the trial court for continuation.
Fenu and Others Vrs Attorney General and Others (J4/40/2018) [2018] GHASC 71 (17 October 2018); EL Index Attribution of Costs Costs Civil Remedies Injunction Injuctions and interdicts Civil Remedies Use of coastal and marine areas Water and coasts Environmental law Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental lawThe court considered an appeal against the decision of the Court of Appeal, staying the proceedings of the High Court.
The origin of the appeal was an application for a mandatory injunction, against the respondent, for disturbing the “natural calm flow” of the Volta River, into the sea, while executing their contractual obligations (marine reclamation). The Respondent appealed 3 interlocutory applications in the High Court, which appeals were still pending.
The stay was granted to the respondents following an application for judgment to be entered against them.
The appellant raised six grounds of appeal, however the court held that the determination of one main issue would dispose of the appeal. Thus, the court had to determine whether the Court of Appeal erred in granting the stay of proceedings.
The court noted that all the interlocutory orders were on appeal before the Court of Appeal. The court found that the court of appeal was right to halt the proceedings, since the determination of the interlocutory orders could have a serious effect on the case before the High Court.
It was further noted that an order staying proceedings is interlocutory, and discretionary and should not be interfered with unless it might result in serious injustice. The court found that the appellant failed to demonstrate that the discretion exercised would result to injustice.
Accordingly, the appeal was dismissed.
Ahadzi and Another Vrs Sowah (Subst. by Samuel Nortey) and Other (J4/33/2018) [2019] GHASC 16 (21 March 2019); EL Index Supervisory Jurisdiction Jurisdiction Civil Procedure Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental lawThis case concerned a long standing land dispute. The appellants herein appealed against the judgement by the Court of Appeal that reversed the judgement by the High Court was which went in favour of the appellants.
The appellants claim to the land was based on purchase from a third party. In support of their case, they presented a land certificate. The defendants contended that the land claimed by plaintiffs fell within their domain, so they counter claimed for a declaration of title.
The High Court found that the respondents failed to produce sufficient evidence to prove that the land was rightfully theirs, as per the requirements of s11 of the Evidence Act of 1975. The appellants, however, proved their case.
The Court of Appeal reversed the High Court judgement, on the sole ground of a 1992 judgement that declared that the land belonged to the defendants.
The Supreme Court, therefore, had to reconsider the evidence and finally settle the dispute. The court found that a close reading of the 1992 judgement casts doubt on the correctness of the Court of Appeal’s position. It found that the 1992 judgement did not actually concern the land in question and that the Court of Appeal, therefore, erred in its finding. Further, upon review of the evidence, the court found that the balance of probabilities favored the appellants.
Accordingly, it restored the first judgement, with an adjustment to the amount of general damages.
Cafca Limited v Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (HC 3945/08) [2010] ZWHHC 186 (14 September 2010); EL Index Injunction Injunctions and interdicts Civil Remedies Minerals, oil and gas Minerals and energy Environmental law Land use Human exploitation of the environment Environmental law |
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